Context Maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. However, this
impact on the placenta's structure and function (ie, nutrient transport and hormone and�…

Objective Studies in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle suggest that impaired insulin action
is due to defects in the insulin signaling pathway and may play a role in the pathophysiology�…

Aim H omeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was measured
during pregnancy to analyze placental weight and efficiency in relation to maternal insulin�…

The first trimester of pregnancy ranks high in priority when minimizing harmful exposures,
given the wide-ranging types of organogenesis occurring between 4-and 12-weeks'�…

Placental lactogen (PL) is a peptide hormone secreted throughout pregnancy by both
animal and human specialized endocrine cells. PL plays an important role in the regulation�…

The placental vasculature rapidly expands during the course of pregnancy in order to
sustain the growing needs of the fetus. Angiogenesis and vascular growth are stimulated�…

OBJECTIVE: Changes in metabolic homeostasis in pregnant diabetic women are potential
determinants of increased adiposity of the fetus. The aim of this study was to characterize�…

Diabetes mellitus is a severe metabolic disorder, which consistently requires medical care
and self-management to restrict complications, such as obesity, kidney damage and�…

Size at birth is critical in determining life expectancy and is dependent primarily on the
placental supply of nutrients. However, the fetus is not just a passive recipient of nutrients�…

Fetal overgrowth in pregnancies complicated by diabetes is the result of an increased
substrate availability which stimulates fetal insulin secretion and fetal growth. However�…