Background: Animal studies indicate that some phthalate metabolites may harm female
reproductive function. Objectives: We assessed the associations between exposure to�…

Background: Animal studies demonstrate that several phthalates are embryofetotoxic and
are associated with increased pregnancy loss and malformations. Results from human�…

Numerous studies suggested that phthalates might be associated with increased risk of
spontaneous pregnancy loss. However, these results were conflicting and inconclusive�…

STUDY QUESTION Is female exposure to phthalate metabolites associated with reduced
fecundity, as estimated by prolonged time to pregnancy (TTP)? SUMMARY ANSWER�…

BACKGROUND: Phthalates can disrupt endocrine function and induce reproductive and
developmental toxicity in laboratory animals. Few studies have evaluated exposure to�…

Higher concentrations of certain phthalate metabolites are associated with adverse
reproductive and pregnancy outcomes, as well as poor infant/child health outcomes. In non�…

Background Preterm birth is a significant public health problem, affecting over 1 in 10 live
births and contributing largely to infant mortality and morbidity. Everyday exposure to�…

Toxicological studies have shown that phthalate esters (PAEs), a class of widely used and
environmentally prevalent chemicals, can increase the abortion rate in animals, but�…

Background Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors and peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor (PPAR) activators, potentially capable of promoting an obesogenic effect�…

Background: Evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that exposure to
phthalates may be associated with adverse female reproductive outcomes. Objective: We�…