Background The success of antiretroviral therapy is known to be compromised by drug-
resistant HIV-1 at frequencies detectable by conventional bulk sequencing. Currently, there�…

Genotypic assays to detect HIV drug resistance are recommended for use in the routine
clinical care of HIV-infected persons. Genotypic resistance assays have demonstrated good�…

With drug-resistant HIV-1 present in at least 10%–20% of new infections in Western
countries and in> 60% of patients failing antiretroviral therapy (ART), monitoring HIV-1 drug�…

Sequencing of a bulk polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product to identify drug resistance
mutations informs antiretroviral therapy selection but has limited sensitivity for minority�…

Highlights•Technological innovations enable the global roll-out of drug resistance
surveillance.•Next-generation sequencing provides an answer for simultaneous resistance�…

Several prospective and retrospective studies have shown that genotypic testing for drug-
resistant HIV-1 variants has helped health-care providers better understand patient�…

In recent years, highly sensitive assays have been developed that detect HIV-1 drug
resistance mutations when present at less than 1% of the viral population. These assays are�…

The International AIDS Society–USA (IAS–USA) Drug Resistance Mutations Group is
marking 6 years as an independent volunteer panel of experts focused on identifying key�…

Background It is largely unknown how frequently low-abundance HIV drug-resistant variants
at levels under limit of detection of conventional genotyping (< 20% of quasi-species) are�…

Background Genotypic resistance testing (GRT) is routinely performed upon diagnosis of
HIV-1 infection or during virological failure using plasma viral RNA. An alternative source for�…