Introduction The more important current activities in the Antarctic are: i) scientific research
(that is scientific observation and measurement); ii) science logistics (ships, aircraft and�…

That there should be a" question of Antarctica''1 at all in the United Nations may be to some
extent regarded as an indication of how quickly and completely perspectives may change in�…

Primary considerations for the establishment of the Antarctic Treaty were the need to deal
with a continuing and possibly dangerous uncertainty in the post-war years as to the legal�…

The current debate about the various alternatives for the regulation of activities in Antarctica
is not at all new. Ever since international law became interested in questions posed by polar�…

In 1991, the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Protocol) was
signed, The Protocol in effect bans all activities relating to mineral resources other than�…

The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities1 was adopted at
Wellington, New Zealand on 2 June 1988, so bringing to a close six years of negotiations�…

54. Sir David Hannay, S/PV 2981, p. 112. 55. This note takes events to 1 July 1991, although
it has been possible to take certain later matters into account, and concentrates on�…

I have had some connection with several Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, but none
with Australian government policy since 1983. Also, the topic I have been assigned is'a third�…

Literature on the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), particularly that written by citizens of States
that are Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, has often been celebratory in character�…

While seven states claim territorial sovereignty over all but a small wedge of the continent,
other states, particularly those most active in the area, have refused to recognise these�…