The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent�…

Recent neuroscience research has established the adult brain as a dynamic organ having a
unique ability to undergo changes with time. Neuroglia, especially microglia and astrocytes�…

Recent advanced immunological analyses have revealed that the diversity and plasticity of
macrophages lead to the identification of functional polarization states (classically activated�…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous
system, and microglia and macrophages play important roles in its pathogenesis. The�…

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis�…

Background Microglia—the resident immune cells of the brain—are activated after brain
lesions, eg, cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic “M1” pro-inflammatory or an�…

Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are
increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of�…

Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation, including cytotoxicity, repair,
regeneration, and immunosuppression due to their ability to acquire diverse activation�…

Microglia are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system that mediate
brain homeostasis maintenance. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a hallmark�…

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical�…