Increasingly the development of novel therapeutic strategies is taking into consideration the
contribution of the intestinal microbiota to health and disease. Dysbiosis of the microbial�…

The pulmonary microbial community, described only a few years ago, forms a discreet part
of the human host microbiota. The airway microbiota has been found to be substantially�…

The microbiota is vital for the development of the immune system and homeostasis.
Changes in microbial composition and function, termed dysbiosis, in the respiratory tract and�…

Improvements in our knowledge of the gut microbiota have broadened our vision of the
microbes associated with the intestine. These microbes are essential actors and protectors�…

Gut microbiota interacts with host immune system in ways that influence the development of
disease. Advances in respiratory immune system also broaden our knowledge of the�…

Until recently, relationships between evidence of colonization or infection by specific
microbial species and the development, persistence or exacerbation of pulmonary disease�…

The use of culture-independent techniques has allowed us to appreciate that the upper and
lower respiratory tract contain a diverse community of microbes in health and disease�…

Until recently, the airways were thought to be sterile unless infected; however, a shift
towards molecular methods for the quantification and sequencing of bacterial DNA has�…

Over the last decade, technological advances have revolutionised efforts to understand the
role played by microbes in airways disease. With the application of ever more sophisticated�…

Although traditionally thought to be sterile, accumulating evidence now supports the concept
that our airways harbor a microbiome. Thus far, studies have focused upon characterizing�…