Spacecraft and space habitats supporting human exploration contain a diverse population of
microorganisms. Microorganisms may threaten human habitation in many ways that directly�…

The ubiquity and resilience of microorganisms makes them unavoidable in most
environments including space habitats. The impaired immune system of astronauts in flight�…

Humans living and working in the harsh environment of space present many challenges for
habitability engineers and microbiologists. Spacecraft must provide an internal environment�…

The 15-year experience of orbital station Mir service demonstrated that specifically modified
space vehicle environments allows for the consideration of spaceship habitats as a certain�…

An evaluation of the microbiota from air, water, and surface samples provided a baseline of
microbial characterization onboard the International Space Station (ISS) to gain insight into�…

Previous space research conducted during short-term flight experiments and long-term
environmental monitoring on board orbiting space stations suggests that the relationship�…

Manned space flight induces a reduction in immune competence among crew and is likely to
cause deleterious changes to the composition of the gastrointestinal, nasal, and respiratory�…

Over the course of a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) crew members are
exposed to a number of stressors that can potentially alter the composition of their�…

Astronauts are spending longer periods locked up in ships or stations for scientific and
exploration spatial missions. The International Space Station (ISS) has been inhabited�…

For several reasons, spacecraft are constructed in so-called clean rooms. Particles could
affect the function of spacecraft instruments, and for missions under planetary protection�…