Nearly one of every five US individuals aged 12 years old or older lives with certain types of
mental disorders. Men are more likely to use various types of substances, while women tend�…

Gender and sex hormones can influence a variety of mental health states, including mood,
cognitive development and function, and vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases and�…

Recent advances in our knowledge of estrogen action in the brain suggest that this steroid is
not solely an endocrine factor but plays important but hitherto largely unrecognized�…

Estrogen regulates neuroendocrine, reproductive, and behavioral functions of the brain by
utilizing a number of diverse cellular mechanisms. In the classical genomic mechanism of�…

Mechanisms and consequences of the effects of estrogen on the brain have been studied
both at the fundamental level and with therapeutic applications in mind. Estrogenic�…

Estradiol modulates a wide range of neural functions in the frontal cerebral cortex where
subsets of neurons express estrogen receptor-α and-β. Through these receptors, estradiol�…

Observations of the disproportionate incidence of depression in women compared with men
have long preceded the recent explosion of interest in sex differences. Nonetheless, the�…

Within the nervous system, estradiol was originally characterized through its critical role in
sexual maturation and reproduction. However, it is now firmly established that estradiol�…

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and
reproductive behavior in the female of all mamamalian species studied, including humans�…

Awareness of estrogen's effects on neural function is broadening rapidly. Areas of recent
progress include increased understanding of estrogen signaling through both genomic and�…