Declaration of interests S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from King Edward Medical University, which provided study material, research articles, valid data sources, and authentic real-time information for this manuscript; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events and webinars with King Edward Medical University and collaborative partners including University of Johns Hopkins, University of California, University of Massachusetts, KEMCAANA, KEMCA UK international scientific conferences, webinars, and meetings; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from King Edward Medical University; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, King Edward Medical University Ethical Review Board, and the Ethical Review Board (Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors and as a Fellow of Faculty of Public Health (Royal Colleges, UK), Society of Prevention, Advocacy And Research, King Edward Medical University (SPARK), and as a Member of the Pakistan Society of Infectious Diseases; other financial or non-financial interests as Dean of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (King Edward Medical University), Chief Editor Annals (King Edward Medical University), Director of Quality Enhancement Cell (King Edward Medical University), and a Fellow of Faculty of Public Health United Kingdom, an Advisory Board Member and Chair Scientific Session, KEMCA-UK Chairperson International Scientific Conference, KEMCAANA (at national level), Member Research and Publications Higher Education Commission, HEC Pakistan, Member Research and Journals Committee (Pakistan Medical and Dental Council), Pakistan Member National Bioethics Committee, Pakistan (at Punjab level), Member Corona Experts Advisory Group, a Member of the Dengue Experts Advisory Group, and Chair of the Punjab Residency Program Research Committee; outside the submitted work. E Ammirati reports grants or contracts from Italian Ministry of Health (GR-2019-12368506) and NextGenerationEU (PNRR-MAD-2022-12376225); consulting fees from Cytokinetics, Kiniksa, and AstraZeneca; outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports consulting fees from AbbVie, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Sandoz, B Braun, and Laropharm; outside the submitted work. J Ärnlöv reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca and Astella; outside the submitted work. P Atorkey reports support from the present manuscript from the Australian College of Applied Professions (Discipline of Psychological Sciences, Sydney, Australia) and the School of Medicine and Public Health (The University of Newcastle, Australia). J L Baker reports grants or contracts from the World Cancer Research Fund, Novo Nordisk Foundation, and the Independent Research Fund Denmark; Consulting feeds from Novo Nordisk A/S Denmark; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid as an executive member of the European Association for the Study of Obesity; outside the submitted work. O C Baltatu reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, 304224/2022-7) and Anima Institute (AI research professor fellowship); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with São José dos Campos Technology Park as a Biotech Board Member; outside the submitted work. T W Bärnighausen reports grants or contracts from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, German National Research Foundation (DFG), European Union, German Ministry of Education and Research, German Ministry of the Environment, Wellcome Trust, and KfW; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from PLOS Medicine as the editor-in-chief; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for NIH-funded research projects in Africa on climate change and health; and stock ownership in CHEERS; outside the submitted work. S Barteit reports grants or contracts from Carl-Zeiss Foundations and the German Research Foundation; and stock or stock options with CHEERS; outside the submitted work. Y Béjot reports grants or contracts from Medtronic paid to their institution; consulting fees from Medtronic, NovoNordisk, and Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Servier, Amgen, and Medtronic; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Medtronic; and leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid with Société Française Neurovasculaire; outside the submitted work. M L Bell reports grants or contracts from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), NIH, High Tide Foundation, Health Effects Institute, Yale Women Faculty Forum, the Environmental Defense Fund, Wellcome Trust Foundation, Yale Climate Change and Health Center, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship; consulting fees from Clinique; honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, UPenn, and Boston University; honorarium for editorial duties from IOP Publishing; honorarium for grant review from NIH, Health Canada, PAC-10, UK Research and Innovation, and the AXA Research Fund Fellowship; honoraria for external advisory committee from Harvard University and the University of Montana; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Boston University, UPenn, Harvard University, and the American Journal of Public Health; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid with Fifth National Climate Assessment, the Lancet Countdown, Johns Hopkins EHE Advisory Board, Harvard external advisory committee for training grants, WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory group, and the National Academies Panels and Committees; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups paid from the US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC); all outside the submitted work. L Belo reports support from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB; outside the submitted work. A Beloukas reports grants or contracts from Gilead and GSK; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Gilead and GSK; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Gilead; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Cepheid; outside the submitted work. P G Bettencourt reports patents planned, issued, or pending: WO2020229805A1, EP3965809A1, US2023173050A1, EP4275700A2, BR112021022592A2, OA1202100511, EP4265271A2, EP4265271A3; other financial or non-financial support as a project reviewer at the Botnar Foundation; outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI), and JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science (JSPS International Fellowship); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Rotary District 9675 as the District Chair, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany) as the Chair and Manager; PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, and BMC Medical Research Methodology as an Editorial Board Member; and the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada as a member; outside the submitted work. B Bikbov reports grants or contracts from the European Commission, University of Rome, and Politecnico di Milano; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the European Renal Association; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, unpaid with the Advocacy Group of the International Society of Nephrology and the Western Europe Regional Board of the International Society of Nephrology; and other financial or non-financial support from Scientific-Tools.Org; outside the submitted work. A Biswas reports consulting fees from Lupin Pharmaceuticals (India), Alkem Laboratories (India), and Intas Pharmaceuticals (India); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Roche Diagnostics (India); outside the submitted work. C S Brown reports other financial or non-financial interests from ad-hoc one-off market research advisory, on a variety of infection topics, all anonymously conducted via market research companies with no direct communication nor any knowledge of any pharmaceutical companies or products (and none specifically related to global burden of disease); outside the submitted work. M Carvalho reports other financial or non-financial interests from LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto (Porto, Portugal) and acknowledges support from FCT/MCTES under the scope of the project UIDP/50006/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020); outside the submitted work. A L Catapano reports grants or contracts from Amryt Pharma, Menarini, and Ultragenyx; consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Menarini Ricerche, and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Amarin, Amgen, Amryt Pharma, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Esperion, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Medscaper, Menarini, Merck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, PeerVoice, Pfizer, Recordati, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi, The Corpus, Ultragenyx, and Viatris; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Amarin, Amgen, Amryt Pharma, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Esperion, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Medscaper, Menarini, Merck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, PeerVoice, Pfizer, Recordati, Regeneron, Sandoz, Sanofi, The Corpus, Ultragenyx, and Viatris; outside the submitted work. C R Cederroth reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Mérida Institute of Technology to present at the 18th international symposium from the AMCAOF at Mérida (Mexico), March 6–9, 2024; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Professional Advisers Committee from the Tinnitus UK as a member, and with the Scientific Advisory Committee of the American Tinnitus Association as a member; outside the submitted work. J S Chandan reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Health Research Youth Endowment Fund (Home Office) and the College of Policing, University of Birmingham (UK Research and Innovation); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the University of Miami; outside the submitted work. S Cortese reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Health Research and the European Research Agency; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from CADDRA, Medice, BAP, and ACAMH; outside the submitted work. L L Dalli reports support for the present manuscript from the National Heart Foundation of Australia (research fellowship support). L Degenhardt reports grants or contracts from Indivior and Seqirus. A Faro reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq (Brazil). I Filip reports financial support from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute; outside the submitted work. D Flood reports grants or contracts from the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI; award number K23HL161271), the University of Michigan Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (award number 5P30AG024824), and the University of Michigan Caswell Diabetes Institute Clinical Translational Research Scholars Program; consulting fees as a diabetes consultant for WHO; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, unpaid as a staff physician for Maya Health Alliance, a non-governmental health organization in Guatemala; outside the submitted work. L M Force reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from the Conquer Cancer Foundation, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, St. Baldrick's Foundation, and NIH Loan Repayment Program; and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, unpaid as a member of the Lancet Oncology International Advisory Board; outside the submitted work. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Novartis and Roche; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Novartis, Roche, Biogen, Sanofi, Merck, and Bristol Myers Squibb; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with MSBase Collaboration as a member of the scientific leadership group; outside the submitted work. R C Franklin reports grants or contracts from Heatwaves in Queensland – Queensland Government, Arc Flash – Human Factors – Queensland Government, and Mobile Plant Safety – Agrifutures; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from ACTM – Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine Conference 2022 and ISTM – Travel Medicine Conference, Basel 2023; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Kidsafe as a Director, Auschem as a Director, the International Society for Agricultural Safety and Health (ISASH) on the Governance Committee, Farmsafe as a Director, and the Public Health Association of Australia (PHAA) as the Injury Prevention SIG Convenor; outside the submitted work. R K Garg reports royalties or licenses for writing book chapters for UpToDate (Wolters Kluwer Health), MedLink Neurology USA, and Elsevier (publisher); outside the submitted work. G F Gil reports support for the present manuscript from Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (through the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from The University of Washington; outside the submitted work. P S Gill reports support for the present manuscript from the National Institute of Health Research (UK). N G M Gomes reports grants or contracts from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Research Contract 2022.07375.CEECIND); outside the submitted work. A Guha reports grants or contracts from the American Heart Association and the US Department of Defense; consulting fees from Pfizer, Novartis, and Myovant; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with ZERO Prostate Cancer on the health equity task force and Doctorpedia as a founding medical partner; outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita pharmaceuticals; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a member of educational, membership and regional committees of international headache societies; outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants or contracts from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID (project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021), and a grant from the European Commission Horizon 4P-CAN (Personalized Cancer Primary Prevention Research through Citizen Participation and Digitally Enabled Social Innovation); outside the submitted work. M Hultström reports support for the present manuscript from Knut och Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Swedish Association Foundation; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Swedish Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the American Physiological Society; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the American Physiological Society; outside the submitted work. I Ilic and M Ilic report support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development, Republic of Serbia (project numbers 175042, 2011–2023 and 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). N E Ismail reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid as the Bursar and Council Member of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy (Malaysia); outside the submitted work. J J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, ADAMed, and Amgen; outside the submitted work. E M Kahn reports grants or contracts from the US National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH (contract #75N94023C00004); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; all outside the submitted work. S V Katikireddi reports funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17), and the European Research Council (949582); outside the submitted work. N Kawakami reports grants or contracts from the Junpukai Foundation; consulting fees from Riken Institute, JAXA, Sekisui Chemicals, SB@ Work; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Japan Society for Occupational Health; outside the submitted work. J H Kempen reports stock or stocks options with Betaliq and Tarsier; outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology (Panjab University, Chandigarh, India); outside the submitted work. B Langguth reports grants or contracts from the German Research Foundation, German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, European Union, Bavarian-Czech University Association, Bavarian State; consulting fees from Schwabe, Neuromod, Sea Pharma, and Rovi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Schwabe and Neuromod; payment for expert testimony from Bavarian State; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the German Society for Brain Stimulation; stock or stocks options from Sea Pharma; receipt of equipment or materials from Deymed; outside the submitted work. M Lee reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A3A2A05095298) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805); outside the submitted work. M-C Li reports grants or contracts from the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 112-2410-H-003-031); and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as the Technical Editor of the Journal of the American Heart Association; outside the submitted work. W-Z Li reports support for the present manuscript from the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZB20230179) and the Grant of State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease (SKLRD-Z-202401). R Lui reports grants or contracts from the National Institute of Mental Health (grants R01 MH115905, RF1 MH120830, R01 MH124899, R21 MH130767); consulting fees from Relmada Therapeutics; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Miami International Child and Adolescent Mental Health Conference, Massachusetts General Hospital, and University of California (San Francisco, CA, USA); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the America Foundation for Suicide Prevention; participation on a data safety monitoring board for the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Minnesota, and Massachusetts General Hospital; outside the submitted work. S Lorkowski reports grants or contracts from DSM Nutritional Products; consulting fees from Danone, Novartis Pharma, and Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (SOBI); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Akcea Therapeutics Germany, AMARIN Germany, Amedes Holding, Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland, Danone, Hubert Burda Media Holding, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly Deutschland, Novartis Pharma, Novo Nordisk Pharma, Roche Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland, and SYNLAB Akademie; support for attending meetings or travel from Amgen; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Akcea Therapeutics Germany, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland, Novartis Pharma, and Sanofi-Aventis; outside the submitted work. L G Mantovani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Corrente, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano). H R Marateb reports grants or contracts from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech (UPC), research funded by the Beatriu de Pinós post-doctoral programme from the Office of the Secretary of Universities and Research from the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia programme (2020 BP 00261); outside the submitted work. A-F A Mentis reports grant or contract funding from “MilkSafe: a novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies”, research co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE (project code: T2EDK-02222), as well as from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860); payment for expert testimony having served as external peer-reviewer for FONDAZIONE CARIPLO (Italy); participation on data safety monitoring board or advisory board as Editorial Board Member for Systematic Reviews, and Annals of Epidemiology, and as Associate Editor for Translational Psychiatry; stock or stock options from a family winery; other financial or non-financial support as a scientific officer (BGI Group); outside the submitted work. S A Meo reports grant or contract support from Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) (RSP-2024 R47); outside the submitted work. T R Miller reports grants or contracts from AB InBev Foundation; payment or expert testimony in state and local opioid litigation; outside the submitted work. L Monasta and L Ronfani report support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), and payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. C E Moore reports participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board as a member of an advisory board for MRC grant (no payments made), a member of the WHO Advisory Group and the REVIVE Advisory Group; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, unpaid as a Co-Chair of the Impact and Influence Group in the Microbiology Society; outside the submitted work. R S Moreira reports grants or contracts from CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship (scholarship registration number is 316607/2021-5); outside the submitted work. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (21H03203), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR22R8), and the National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (2021-A16). B Norrving reports participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with a data safety monitoring board for HOVID (trial, Simbec-Orion); outside the submitted work. A P Okekunle reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265); support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265); outside the submitted work. R Ornello reports grants or contracts from Novartis; consulting fees from Teva, AbbVie, and Eli Lilly; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Teva, AbbVie, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Teva and Eli Lilly; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Eli Lilly, AbbVie, and Pfizer; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a Junior Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Headache and Pain, and Associate Editor for the section Headache and Neurogenic Pain with Frontiers in Neurology; and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Pfizer; outside the submitted work. A Ortiz reports grants from Sanofi and grants or contracts from the Catedra Mundipharma-UAM for diabetic kidney disease and the Catedra AstraZeneca-UAM for chronic kidney disease and electrolytes (paid to Universidad Autonoma de Madrid); consulting fees from Advicciene, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Kyowa Kirin, Alexion, Idorsia, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Advicciene, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Amicus, Amgen, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Kyowa Kirin, Alexion, Idorsia, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Advicciene, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Fresenius Medical Care, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Menarini, Chiesi, and Otsuka; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Astellas, AstraZeneca, Fresenius Medical Care, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Idorsia, Chiesi, and Otsuka; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid on the Council of the European Renal Association and SOMANE; outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the non-profit clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients” - sponsor FIL, Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria-I; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid as a member of the Statistical Committee of the EBMT, the European Society for Bone and Marrow Transplantation, Paris, a Member of the COST CA18218 working group - European Burden of Disease Network (burden-eu), the European Cooperation in Science & Technology, Brussels; outside the submitted work. A E Peden reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant Number: APP2009306). V C F Pepito reports grants or contracts from Sanofi Consumer Healthcare and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation; outside the submitted work. M Pigeolet reports grants or contracts from The Belgian Kids’ Fund for Pediatric Research; outside the submitted work. C D Pond reports grants or contracts from Valley to Coast Charitable Trust as payments to the University of Newcastle; consulting fees from HNECC Primary Health Network, SW Sydney Primary Health Network, Australian Department of Health and Aged Care, NSW Health, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Dementia Training Australia, Palliative Care Australia, University of Sydney, Monash University, Biogen, Roche, Medicines Australia, Dementia Training Australia, Sydney North Health Network, and In Vivo Academy; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Dementia Training Australia, Sydney North Health Network, and In Vivo Academy; payment for expert testimony from Legal Aid NSW; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Palliative Care Australia; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as Provost, NSW Faculty, RACGP, Vice President, Doctors Reform Society, Chair, WONCA Special Interest Group, Ageing and Health, Board Member, Hunter Postgraduate Medical Institute, Adjunct Professor, School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Adjunct Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Clinical Professor, Wicking Dementia Research Education Centre, University of Tasmania, and Professor of General Practice, University of Newcastle (until August, 2021); all outside the submitted work. A Radfar reports other financial or non-financial interests in Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute through their financial and logistical support, outside the submitted work. A Rane reports stock or stock options with Agios Pharmaceuticals as a full-time employee, outside the submitted work. A Ranta reports grants or contracts from NZ Health Research Council and NZ Ministry of Health; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Phase II, Multicenter, Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Single-Dose Study to Determine the Safety, Preliminary Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of ARG-007 in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Australia and NZ Stroke Organization, World Stroke Organization, and NZ Stroke Foundation; outside the submitted work. L F Reyes reports grants or contracts from GSK; royalties for licences from GSK; consulting fees from GSK; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from GSK; payment for expert testimony from GSK; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from GSK and Pfizer; and stock or stock options from GSK; outside the submitted work. S Sacco reports grants or contracts from Novartis and Uriach; consulting fees from Novartis, Allergan-AbbVie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, and AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Novartis, Allergan-AbbVie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Lilly, Novartis, Teva, Lundbeck, and Pfizer; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as the President elect European Stroke Organization and Editor-in-Chief of Cephalalgia; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Allergan-AbbVie and NovoNordisk; outside the submitted work. P S Sachdev reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the NIH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Alkem Labs; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Biogen Australia Medical Advisory Committee in 2020 and the 2021 Roche Australia Medical Advisory Committee in 2022; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid with VASCOG Society on the executive committee and the World Psychiatric Association on the planning committee; outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as co-founder of Benang Merah Research Center; all outside the submitted work. J Sanabria reports support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from the Continuing Medical Education section of the University of Marshall School of Medicine; one patent issued and one patent pending; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the Marshall University Department of Surgery; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, Society of Surgical Oncology, American Board of Surgery, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, and International Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Association; all outside the submitted work. A E Schutte reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Investigator Grant); consulting feeds from Abbott, Medtronic, Servier, and Skylabs; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Abbott, Medtronic, Servier, Skylabs, Aktiia, Sanofi, Omron, and Novartis; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, from Medtronic and Servier; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as Co-Chair of the National Hypertension Taskforce of Australia, Secretary of the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance, Board Member of Hypertension Australia; outside the submitted work. A Sharifan reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid from Cochrane; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts, or other services from Elsevier; outside the submitted work. V Sharma acknowledges support from DFSS (MHA)'s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at the Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University (Chandigarh, India); outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports one patent pending and one utility model with the Bulgarian Patent Office; stock or stock options from RSUs with ICONplc; and a salary from ICONplc; outside the submitted work. S Shrestha reports support from the School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia and the Graduate Research Merit Scholarship; outside the submitted work. C R Simpson reports grants or contracts from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, Ministry of Health (New Zealand), Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (New Zealand), Chief Scientist Office (UK), and MRC (UK); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as Data Ethics Advisory Group Chair for the New Zealand Government; outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two Labs, ANI Pharmaceuticals/Exeltis USA, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, ClearView Healthcare Partners, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point Communications; and the NIH and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events as a member of the speaker's bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings or travel, or both, as a past steering committee member of OMERACT; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and editor/Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceuticals, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Aytu BioPharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding, Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. S T Skou reports grants or contracts from the European Research Council, European Union's Horizon 2020 research innovation programme, Region Zealand; Royalties or licences from Munksgaard and TrustMe-Ed; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Nestlé Health Science; other financial support as a co-founder of GLA:D; outside the submitted work. R Somayaji reports grants or contracts through clinical research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Calgary; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from educational events from Vertex Pharmaceuticals; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Oncovir and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Canadian Pressure Injury Advisory Panel; all outside the submitted work. D J Stein reports personal fees from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen; outside the submitted work. J H V Ticaolu reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the Benang Merah Research Center as co-founder, outside the submitted work. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Thea, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, AbbVie, and Bayer; consulting fees from Omikron, Thea, and Bausch and Lomb; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Omikron, AbbVie, and Roche; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the European Glaucoma Society, Greek Glaucoma Society, and World Glaucoma Association; all outside the submitted work. S J Tromans reports grants or contracts from NHS Digital via the Department of Health and Social Care; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with the Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry Special Interest Group and the Royal College of Psychiatrists; all outside the submitted work. E Upadhyay reports patents planned, issued, or pending: “A system and method of reusable filters for anti-pollution mask” (published), “A system and method for electricity generation through crop stubble by using microbial fuel cells” (published), “A system for disposed personal protection equipment (PPE) into biofuel through pyrolysis and method” (published), “A novel herbal pharmaceutical aid for formulation of gel and method thereof” (published), “Herbal drug formulation for treating lung tissue degenerated by particulate matter exposure” (filed), “A method to transform cow dung into the wall paint by using natural materials and composition thereof” (filed); leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as Joint Secretary of Indian Meteorological Society, Jaipur Chapter (India), Member Secretary of the DSTPURSE Program; outside the submitted work. P Willeit reports consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. Y Yasufuku reports grants or contracts from Shionogi & Co; outside the submitted work. M Zielińska reports other financial or non-financial interests in AstraZeneca as their employee, outside the submitted work. A Zumla reports support for the present manuscript from the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET) funded by the EDCTP - the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, the UK NIHR Senior Investigator Award, Mahathir Science Award and EU-EDCTP Pascoal Mocumbi Prize Laureate; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board as a member of the Scientific Expert Committee of the EC-EDCTP-Global Health Program; outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.