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. 2024 Apr 15;11(4):472.
doi: 10.3390/children11040472.

Examining Language, Speech and Behaviour Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia Using the Arabic Version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition

Muhammad Alasmari  1 , Ahmed Alduais  2 , Fawaz Qasem  1 , Shrouq Almaghlouth  3 , Lujain AlAmri  4
Affiliations

Examining Language, Speech and Behaviour Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia Using the Arabic Version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition

Muhammad Alasmari et al. Children (Basel). .

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibits diverse manifestations influenced by demographic factors. This study evaluates these variations within Saudi Arabia, aiming to investigate language, speech and behaviour characteristics across different demographics in Saudi Arabia using the Arabic Version of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition (A-GARS-3). Employing a cross-sectional design, 178 participants were stratified by developmental status (n = 124 school settings, n = 54 clinical setting), sex (Females = 77, Males =101), age (range = 3-22), and geographical region (different provinces in Saudi Arabia). The A-GARS-3 measured ASD manifestations across six subscales. The study identified significant differences in ASD manifestations by developmental status, with higher ASD likelihood and severity in clinical settings. Younger children showed more pronounced ASD characteristics, and males were slightly more likely to be diagnosed with ASD. Geographical analysis revealed regional differences in severity. The findings underline the importance of demographic considerations in ASD assessment and diagnosis, suggesting the need for age-specific and culturally sensitive approaches. The A-GARS-3 is a reliable tool for the Saudi context. Regional disparities in ASD prevalence and severity indicate a need for tailored health policies and resources across Saudi provinces.

Keywords: Arabic GARS-3; Gilliam Autism Rating Scale—Third Edition; Saudi Arabia; autism spectrum disorder; developmental status.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A survey plot for the distribution participants by (A) developmental status and ASD probability, (B) ASD description, and (C) DSM-5 severity level. * Substantial support. ** Very substantial support.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A survey plot for the distribution participants by (A) age group and ASD probability, (B) ASD description, and (C) DSM-5 severity level. * Substantial support. ** Very substantial support.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A survey plot for the distribution participants by (A) sex and ASD probability, (B) ASD description, and (C) DSM-5 severity level. * Substantial support. ** Very substantial support.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graph plots for the first three subscales of A-GARS-3 by age group and developmental status.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Graph plots for last three subscales of A-GARS-3 by age group and developmental status.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Autism index for A-GARS-3 by age group and developmental status.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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