Declaration of interests Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun reports payment or honoraria for lectures and presentations from Cardiocare Hospital, Servier, and AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim, Megalifesciences, and MSN; all outside the submitted work. Saira Afzal reports payment for educational events and webinars from King Edward Medical University and collaborative partners including University of Johns Hopkins, University of California, University of Massachusetts, University of Nebraska, Imperial College London, KEMCA-UK, KEMCAANA, and APPNA; participation on data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for the National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, the King Edward Medical University institutional ethical review board, and the Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital ethical review board; leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, for the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, fellow of Faculty of Public Health Royal Colleges UK, Society of Prevention, Advocacy And Research, King Edward Medical University, and Member Pakistan Society of Infectious Diseases; other financial or non-financial interest as a member Corona Experts Advisory Group, member of the Dengue Advisory Group, member of the Technical Working Group and Guidelines development for COVID-19, has provided expert opinion in National Command and Operation Committee Government of Pakistan, member of the Research and Journals Committee Pakistan Medical and Dental Council, member of the Higher Education Commission Research and Publications Committee on Quality Assurance Agency, dean of Public Health and Preventive Medicine King Edward Medical University, director of Quality Enhancement Cell King Edward Medical University, chief editor of Annals of King Edward Medical University, and Chief Editor History Book King Edward Medical University; all outside the submitted work. Robert Ancuceanu reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AbbVie, Sandoz, B Braun, Laropharm, and MagnaPharm, all outside the submitted work. Ruhai Bai reports support for the present manuscript from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number 30923011101) and the Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GLD008). Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu reports support for the present manuscript from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (grant number 304224/2022-7) and Anima Institute - AI research professor fellowship; leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a board member of the Biotechnology Board at São José dos Campos Technology Park and an Academic Ambassador for Afya, outside the submitted work. Michelle L Bell reports grants or contracts from the US Environmental Protection Agency, National Institutes of Health, High Tide Foundation, Health Effects Institute Yale Women Faculty Forum Environmental Defense Fund, Wellcome Trust Foundation, Yale Climate Change and Health Center, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship, all as payments to their institution; consulting fees from Clinique; honoraria for speakers bureaus from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, UPenn, Boston University, honoraria for editing duties from IOP Publishing, honoraria for grant review from NIH, Health Canada, PAC- 10, UK Research and Innovation, AXA Research Fund Fellowship, and honoraria for external advisory committee from Harvard University and University of Montana; travel reimbursement from Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Boston University, UPenn, Harvard University, American Journal of Public Health; leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the Fifth National Climate Assessment, Lancet Countdown, Johns Hopkins EHE Advisory Board, Harvard external advisory committee for training grant, WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory group, and National Academies Panels and Committees, and paid roles with the US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee; all outside the submitted work. Paulo J G Bettencourt reports other financial or non-financial interests with the Botnar Foundation as project reviewer, outside the submitted work. Pra Bhardwaj reports stock options in Doximity in 2020 and 2021 for being a Doximity fellow, outside the submitted work. Sonu Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through grants-in-aid for Scientific Research KAKENH and a JSPS International Fellowship (2023–25); leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as chair of the Global Health and Migration Hub Community for Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, district chair; Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Rotary District 9675, Australia; and as editorial board member with Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Neurology, PLOS One, BMC Medical Research Methodology, BMC Neurology, and Frontiers in Public Health; all outside the submitted work. Zulfiqar A Bhutta reports leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as member and chair of the Board of Governors of the National Institutes of Health, Pakistan, outside the submitted work. Boris Bikbov reports grants or contracts from the European Commission; support for attending meetings or travel expenses from the European Renal Association; an unpaid leadership role in the advocacy group International Society of Nephrology; and other non-financial interests in Scientific-Tools.org for a public health consultancy; all outside the submitted work. Atanu Biswas reports consulting fees from INTAS Pharmaceuticals, Lupin Pharmaceuticals, and Alkem Laboratories; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Roche Diagnostic; all outside the submitted work. Edward J Boyko reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the Korean Diabetes Association, Diabetes Association (Taiwan), and the American Diabetes Association, all outside the submitted work. Márcia Carvalho reports other financial or non-financial interests in LAQV-REQUIMTE and the Faculty of Science and Technology under the scope of the project UIDP/50006/2020, outside the submitted work. Joao Conde reports grants or contracts from the European Research Council (starting grant ERC-StG-2019-848325; €1·5 million funding), outside the submitted work. Saswati Das reports leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the Association for Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine, and the Women in Global Health India Chapter, outside the submitted work. Louisa Degenhardt reports educational grants from Indivior to examine new opioid medications in Australia, outside the submitted work. Andreas K Demetriades reports leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the AO Knowledge Forum Degen Steering Committee, Global Neuro Foundation Board, and the European Association of Neurological Societies board, all outside the submitted work. Susanna J Dunachie reports support for the present manuscript from the UK Fleming Fund at Department of Health and Social Care, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR); grants or contracts from UKRI (MR/W02067X/1 and MR/W020653/1), the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Wellcome Drug Resistant Infections Discretionary Award, and UK Department of Health and Social Care; consulting fees from Scottish Parliament for serving as Scientific Advisor and from Wellcome for serving as funding committee member; participation on the Data Monitoring Committee for UK STABILISE study of BCG Vaccine in COPD; leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a member of the New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group, chair of Wellcome SEDRIC subgroup on data standards and harmonisation in antimicrobial resistance, UK, member of the Variant Technical Group for SARS-CoV-2 for UK Health Security Agency, expert adviser to WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System, member of WHO Guidelines Development Group on Treatment of Ebola; all outside the submitted work. Andre Faro reports support for the present manuscript from Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (Brazil), Productivity in Research Scholarship (PQ Scholarship). Irina Filip and Amir Radfar report support for the present manuscript from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute. Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (theme number 121050500047-5). Lisa M Force reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from Conquer Cancer Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, St Baldrick's Foundation, and NIH Loan Repayment Program; leadership or a fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the Lancet Oncology International Advisory Board; all outside the submitted work. Matteo Foschi reports consulting fees as a scientific consultant for Roche and Novartis; support for attending meetings or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, and Sanofi; and a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as a member of the MSBase Collaboration Scientific Leadership Group; outside the submitted work. Richard Charles Franklin reports grants or contracts from Heatwaves in Queensland and Arc Flash Human Factors (Government of Queensland), and Mobile Plant Safety (Agrifutures); honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the World Safety Conference 2022 as the conference convener; support for attending meetings or travel from the Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine Conference (2022, 2023) and the Travel Medicine Conference (Basel 2023); a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as the Director of Kidsafe, Director of Farmsafe, Director of Auschem, a member of the Governance Committee of ISASH, and Injury Prevention special interest group convenor, Public Health Association of Australia; outside the submitted work. Emmanuela Gakidou reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation. Quan Gan reports other financial or non-financial interest in the International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO; the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer or WHO. Paramjit Singh Gill reports support for the present manuscript from the NIHR as senior investigator with payments to their institution; the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. Avirup Guha reports grants or contracts from the American Heart Association and Department of Defense; consulting fees from Pfizer, Novartis, and Myovant; and a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with ZERO Prostate Cancer Health Equity Task Force; all outside the submitted work. Claudiu Herteliu reports grants or contracts from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalizatio (project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021), a grant of the European Commission Horizon 4P-CAN (Personalised Cancer Primary Prevention Research through Citizen Participation and Digitally Enabled Social Innovation), project “Societal and Economic Resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania” funded by European Union–NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760050/23.05.2023, cod PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8; and project “A better understanding of socio-economic systems using quantitative methods from Physics” funded by European Union–NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (contract number 760034/23.05.2023, cod PNRR-C9-I8-CF 255/29.11.2022), through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8; outside the submitted work. Michael Hultström reports support for the present manuscript from Knut och Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and the Swedish Association for Medicine, all as payments to their institution; payment or honoraria for lectures from the Swedish Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care; support for attending meetings or travel from the American Physiological Society; and a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with the American Physiological Society; all outside the submitted work. Desta Ijo reports grants or contracts from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI); and consulting fees from EPHI National Data Management Center for Health through their salary; all outside the submitted work. Irena M Illic reports support for the present manuscript from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development (project number 175042, 2011-2023). Milena D Illic reports support for the present manuscript from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development (project number 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam reports grants or contracts from National Health and Medical Research Council through a fellowship, and from the Heart Foundation of Australia through a fellowship and Vanguard Grant, both outside the submitted work. Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail reports A leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, as a council member of the Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, outside the submitted work. John S Ji reports a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the WHO Technical Advisory Group Climate Health Ethics, outside the submitted work. Tamas Joo reports support for the present manuscript from Data-Driven Health Division of the National Laboratory for Health Security, National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (grant number RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006). Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, and Amgen, all outside the submitted work. Sanjay Kalra reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingleheim, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; and a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as president of the Endocrine Society of India and the South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies; all outside the submitted work. Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi reports support for the present manuscript from the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17), the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the European Research Council (949582). John H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Surgery Program and Sight for Souls; grants or contracts from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Eye Institute and US Agency for International Development; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Gilead Pharmaceuticals; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid on the Board of Directors with Sight for Souls; and stock or stock options with Betaliq and Tarsier; outside the submitted work. Mika Kivimäki reports grants or contracts from Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), Medical Research Council (R024227), National Institute on Aging (R01AG062553, R01AG056477), Academy of Finland (350426), and the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research (a86898); outside the submitted work. Kewal Krishan reports other non-financial interests from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, outside the submitted work. Judit Lám reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (project number TKP2021-NVA-11). Munjae Lee reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant number NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (grant number P0017805). Ming-Chieh Li reports grants or contracts from The National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (NSTC 112-2410-H-003-031); and a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as the technical editor of the Journal of the American Heart Association; outside the submitted work. Katherine M Livingstone reports grants or contracts from the 2020 National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (APP1173803) and the 2022 Heart Foundation Vanguard Grant (ID106800); outside the submitted work. Mansour Adam Mahmoud reports grant or contract funding from the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia (project number 445-5-748). Morteza Mahmoudi reports other financial or non-financial interests as co-founder and director of the Academic Parity Movement, a non-profit organisation dedicated to addressing academic discrimination, violence and incivility; as a cofounder of and shareholder in Targets' Tip; and from royalties or honoraria for published books, plenary lectures, and licensed patents; outside the submitted work. Hamid Reza Marateb reports support for the present manuscript from The Beatriu de Pinós post-doctoral programme from the Office of the Secretary of Universities and Research from the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia (programme number 2020 BP 00261); and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; outside the submitted work. Richard James Maude reports support for the present manuscript from Wellcome Trust (grant number 22021)] as it provides core funding for Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research and contributes to his salary. Colm McAlinden reports grants or contracts as a co-applicant on an awarded Welsh Government research grant related to diabetic eye disease (unpaid role); consulting fees from Acufocus, Atia Vision, Bausch and Lomb, BVI, Coopervision, Cutting Edge, Fudan University, Hoya, Knowledge Gate Group, Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Keio University, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Medevise Consulting SAS, Ophtec BV, SightGlass vision, Science in Vision, Scope, SpyGlass, Sun Yat-sen University, Targomed GmbH, University of São Paulo, and Vold Vision; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Scope, Thea pharmaceuticals; support for travel expenses from Bayer, British Society of Refractive Surgery, Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, Scope, Thea pharmaceuticals; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid as a council member of the British Society for Refractive Surgery, unpaid as a PROM advisor to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, an editorial board member for Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision, Archives of Medical Science, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal of Ophthalmology, and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, and as an associate editor for Frontiers in Medicine – Ophthalmology; and other financial interests from developing the Quality of Vision questionnaire and the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire, and consultancy fees on topics including Rasch analysis, questionnaires, statistical analyses, and clinical and surgical ophthalmology topics, and paid peer reviews for Research Square; all outside the submitted work. Alexios-Fotios A Mentis reports grants or contract funding from MilkSafe: a novel pipeline to enrich formula milk using omics technologies, research cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (project code T2EDK-02222), and from ELIDEK (Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, MIMS-860; both outside of the present manuscript); payment for expert testimony from serving as external peer-reviewer for Fondazione Cariplo, Italy; participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board as editorial board member for Systematic Reviews, Annals of Epidemiology, and as associate editor for Translational Psychiatry; stock or stock options from a family winery; and other financial interests as the current scientific officer for BGI Group; outside the submitted work. Sultan Ayoub Meo reports grant or contract support from the Research Supporting Project, King Saud University (grant number RSP-2024 R47), outside the submitted work. Lorenzo Monasta reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017) through payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. Rafael Silveira Moreira reports grants or contracts from CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) scholarship registration number 316607/2021-5; outside the submitted work. Jakub Morze reports grants or contracts from the SciLifeLab & Wallenberg Data Driven Life Science Program (KAW 2020.0239); and consulting fees from ALAB Laboratoria; outside the submitted work. Jonathan F Mosser reports support for the present manuscript from the Gates Foundation; grants or contracts from Gavi; and support for attending meetings and travel from the Gates Foundation; outside the submitted work. Faraz Mughal reports support for the present manuscript funded by the NIHR (grant number 300957). Sathish Muthu reports a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid from ICRS Next Gen Committee as a committee member, AO Spine KF Degenerative as an associate member, and SICOT grants committee as a member; all outside the submitted work. Shuhei Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (grant number 21H03203) and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grant number JPMJPR22R8). Bo Norrving reports participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Simbec Orion, outside the submitted work. Mpiko Ntsekhe reports grants or contracts from SA Medical Research Council, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals and Novo Nordisk; outside the submitted work. Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle reports support for the present manuscript and support for attending meetings or travel from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology (grant number 2020H1D3A1A04081265). Pramod Kumar Pal reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Department of Science & Technology-Science and Engineering Research Board, the Department of Biotechnology, Department of Science & Technology-Cognitive Science Research Initiative, Wellcome Trust UK-India Alliance DBT, PACE scheme of BIRAC, Michael J Fox Foundation, and Scientific Knowledge for Ageing and Neurological Ailments-Research Trust; Payment and honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events as faculty, speaker, and author from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and Movement Disorder Societies of Korea, Taiwan and Bangladesh; support for attending meetings or travel from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and Movement Disorder Societies of Korea, Taiwan and Bangladesh; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid as the Past President of Indian Academy of Neurology, Past Secretary of Asian and Oceanian subsection of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, Editor-in-Chief of Annals of Movement Disorders, chair of the Education Committee of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, president of the Parkinson Society of Karnataka, chair of Infection Related Movement Disorders Study Group of MDS, member of Rare Movement Disorders Study Group of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, member of Education Committee of IAPRD, member of Rating Scales Education and Training Program Committee of IPMDS, member of Neurophysiology Task Force of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS), member of Movement Disorders in Asia Study Group, member of Post-Stroke Movement Disorders, member of Ataxia Study Group of IPMDS, and as a member of Ataxia Global Initiative; all outside the submitted work. Raul Felipe Palma-Alvarez reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Angelini, Lundbeck, Rubió, Servier, and Takeda; all outside the submitted work. Amy E Peden reports support for the present manuscript from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (grant number APP2009306). Manon Pigeolet reports a grant from the Belgian Kids' Fund for Pediatric Research, outside the submitted work. Thomas Pilgrim reports grants or contracts to the institution from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, and ATSens; speaker and consulting fees paid to the institution from Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences, Abbott, Medtronic, Biosensors, and Highlife; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for the EMPIRE Study (sponsored by Biosensors); receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from ATsens; all outside the submitted work. Constance Dimity reports grants or contracts paid to the University of Newcastle from Valley to Coast Charitable Trust; consulting fees from Sydney North Primary Health Network, HNECC Primary Health Network, SW Sydney Primary Health Network, Australian Department of Health and Aged Care, NSW Health, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Dementia Training Australia, Palliative Care Australia, University of Sydney, Monash University, Biogen, Roche, and Medicines Australia; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Dementia Training Australia, Sydney North Health Network, and In vivo Academy; payment for expert testimony from Legal Aid NSW; support for attending meetings or travel from the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Palliative Care Australia; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid as Provost (NSW Faculty, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners), vice president of Doctors Reform Society, chair of WONCA Special Interest Group, Ageing and Health, board member of Hunter Postgraduate Medical Institute, paid roles as adjunct professor in the School of Rural Medicine of University of New England, adjunct professor in the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Western Sydney University, clinical professor in the Wicking Dementia Research Education Centre of University of Tasmania, and professor of General Practice at University of Newcastle (until August 2021); all outside the submitted work. Luis Felipe Reyes reports consulting fees from GSK, MSD, and Pfizer; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK, MSD, and Pfizer; payment for expert testimony from GSK, MSD, and Pfizer; support for attending meetings or travel from GSK, MSD, and Pfizer; outside the submitted work. Daniel Cury Ribeiro reports grants or contracts paid to the University of Otago from the Health Research Council (New Zealand 18/111), outside the submitted work. Luca Ronfani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), with payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. Andrzej Rynkiewicz reports consulting fees from Ingelheim, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, Amgen, and Servier; all outside the submitted work. Simona Sacco reports grants or contracts from Novartis and Uriach; consulting fees from Novartis, Allergan-AbbVie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Allergan-AbbVie, Teva, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, NovoNordisk, Abbott, AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travel from Lilly, Novartis, Teva, Lundbeck; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as the president elect of the European Stroke Organization, and the second vice-president of the European Headache Federation; and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Allergan-AbbVie, NovoNordisk; all outside the submitted work. Juan Sanabria reports support for attending meetings or travel from the Marshall University Medical School; three patents pending; participation in quality assessment and assurance for surgeries of his Marshall University Department of Surgery; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with ASTS, SSO, and AASLD; all outside the submitted work. Chinmoy Sarkar reports other financial interests as a Global Health Leadership Fellow from National Academy of Medicine, outside the submitted work. Nikolas Scarmeas reports grants or contracts with Novo Nordisc as the local principal investigator of a recruitment site for multinational, multicenter industry sponsored phase 3 treatment trial for Alzheimer's disease with funding paid to the institution; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Albert Einstein College of Medicine (NIH funded study) as the chair of data safety monitoring board; all outside the submitted work. Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt reports research grants from Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundatuin, DFG, and PharmaCept; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca; support for attending meetings or travel from Bayer AG; all outside the submitted work. Nilay S Shah reports support for the present manuscript from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant number K23HL157766). Amin Sharifan reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid as a steering member of the Cochrane Early Career Professionals Network; and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Elsevier; outside the submitted work. Saurab Sharma reports support for the present manuscript from the John J Bonica Postdoctoral Fellowship from the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP; 2021–23); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from giving an online lecture and a travel grant for delivering a talk conducted by the Pain Education special interest group of the IASP at the World Pain Congress in Toronto (2022); support for attending meetings or travel from the International Association for the Study of Pain to attend its biennial meeting in Toronto (September 2022); outside the submitted work. Velizar Shivarov reports one issue patent in Bulgaria and one issue utility model in Bulgaria; restricted stock units for ICON; and other financial interests from Iconplc/PRAHS (salary), outside the submitted work. Sunil Shrestha reports other financial interests from the Graduate Research Merit Scholarship from the School of Pharmacy at Monash University Malaysia, outside the submitted work. João Pedro Silva reports support for the present manuscript from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva reports grants or contracts from CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu, outside the submitted work. Colin R Simpson reports grants or contracts from Ministry of Business, Innovation, & Employement (New Zealand), Health Research Council (New Zealand), Ministry of Health (New Zealand), UK Medical Research Council, Health Data Research UK, and CSO (UK); a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with the New Zealand Government Data Ethics Advisory Group as the chair; outside the submitted work. Marco Solmi reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AbbVie and Otsuka, outside the submitted work. Dan J Stein reports consulting fees from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L'Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen, outside the submitted work. Stefan Stortecky reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from Edwards Lifesciences, Medtronic, Abbott, and Boston Scientific; consulting fees from Boston Scientific/BTG and Teleflex; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Boston Scientific/BTG; outside the submitted work. Katharina S Sunnerhagen reports a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as the chair of the scientific committee for the Swedish stroke association; outside the submitted work. Luis M Taborda-Barata reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi, AstraZeneca, and LETI Laboratories; outside the submitted work. Amanda G Thrift reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (grant numbers 1171966 and 1182071) and the Medical Research Future Fund (Australian Government; grant number 2015976); outside the submitted work. Samuel Joseph Tromans reports grants or contracts from the 2023 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey team, collecting epidemiological data on community-based adults living in England; this is a contracted study from NHS Digital, via the Department of Health and Social Care; outside the submitted work. Tissa Wijeratne reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as the president of the Asian Regional Consortium of Headaches, co-chair of both World Brain Day and Public Awareness and Advocacy with the World Federation of Neurology; and other financial or non-financial interests as the chair of the Migraine Foundation; outside the submitted work. Siddhesh Zadey reports payment or honoraria for writing for Think Global Health, Harvard Public Health Magazine, The Wire Science; a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as a cofounding Director of the Association for Socially Applicable Research, a permanent council member for the The G4 Alliance, chair of the SOTA Care in South Asia Working Group (G4 Alliance), and a drafting Committee member for Maharashtra State Mental Health Policy; outside the submitted work. Giulia Zamagni reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), as payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. Ha Zhang reports grants or contract funding from WHO, outside the submitted work. Magdalena Zielińska reports other financial interest as an AstraZeneca employee, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.