Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy induces robust immune infiltration in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer
- PMID: 37922910
- PMCID: PMC11184948
- DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.10.006
Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy induces robust immune infiltration in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer
Abstract
When compared to other malignancies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of primary and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is relatively devoid of immune infiltrates. While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induces a complex immune infiltrate in localized prostate cancer, the composition of the TME in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), and the effects of ADT and other treatments in this context are poorly understood. Here, we perform a comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiling of metastatic sites from patients participating in a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03951831) that evaluated standard-of-care chemo-hormonal therapy combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. We perform a longitudinal, protein activity-based analysis of TME subpopulations, revealing immune subpopulations conserved across multiple metastatic sites. We also observe dynamic changes in these immune subpopulations in response to treatment and a correlation with clinical outcomes. Our study uncovers a therapy-resistant, transcriptionally distinct tumor subpopulation that expands in cell number in treatment-refractory patients.
Keywords: ADT; anti-PD-1 therapy; clinical translational science; clinical trial; hormone-sensitive; immunotherapy; metastatic prostate cancer; single cell RNA sequencing; tumor microenvironment.
Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of interests Dr. Hawley has served as a paid consultant to Seagen, Daiichi Sankyo, and ImmunityBio and has received sponsored research funding to her institution from Astra Zeneca, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Crescendo Biologics, Macrogenics, and Vaccitech. Dr. Drake is a co-inventor on patents licensed from JHU to BMS and Janssen and is currently an employee of Janssen Research. Dr. Califano is founder, equity holder, and consultant of DarwinHealth Inc., a company that has licensed some of the algorithms used in this manuscript from Columbia University. Columbia University is also an equity holder in DarwinHealth Inc. Dr. Lowy is an employee and stockholder of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.
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