Declaration of interests FS received honoraria from AAA, AbbVie, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen Oncology, Knight Therapeutics, Merck, Myovant Sciences, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; acted in a consulting or advisory role for AAA, AbbVie, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca–MedImmune, Bayer, Janssen Oncology, Knight Therapeutics, Myovant Sciences, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and received research funding (institutional) from Advanced Accelerator Applications, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen Oncology, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi. NWC received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, and Pfizer; acted in a consulting or advisory role for AstraZeneca; and received travel and accommodation expenses from AstraZeneca. MO received honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, MSD, Janssen, Takeda, and Nippon Kayaku; acted in a consulting or advisory role for Bayer; and received research funding from Bayer and AstraZeneca. NS acted in a consulting or advisory role for AbbVie, Accord, Alessa Therapeutics, Antev, Arquer, Asieris, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Aura biosciences, Bayer, Bioprotect, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boston Scientific, CGOncology, Clarity, Dendreon, Exact Imaging, Ferring, Fize Medical, Genentech–Roche, Foundation Medicine, Genesis Care, Immunity Bio, Incyte, Invitae, Janssen, Lantheus, Lilly, mDxhealth, Merck, Minomic, Myovant, Myriad, Nonagen, Novartis, Nymox, Palette Life, Platform Q, Pacific Edge, Pfizer, Profound Medical, Promaxo, Protara, Photocure, Sanofi Genzyme, Specialty Networks, Telix, Tolmar, and Urogen; and acted in a leadership or fiduciary role for Photocure. GP acted in a consulting or advisory role for Astellas, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, and Pfizer. JDG received honoraria from Agenus, AstraZeneca–Merck, Daiichi-Sankyo, Merck, Pierre Fabre, and Pint Pharma; research funding from Agenus, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blau Farmacêutica, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, BRAVA, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eurofarma, ARO-Einstein, Genetech, HUYABIO, Incyte, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Polyphor, PTC Therapeutics, Roche, Sanofi, Seagen, Takeda, and Tigermed; and travel and accommodation expenses from Daiichi Sankyo and Gilead. NM received honoraria from Bureau Prevents, Medscape, and MedTalks; acted in a consulting or advisory role for Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen-Cilag, and MSD Oncology (institutional); received research funding (institutional) from Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca–Merck, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, and Sanofi; received travel and accommodation expenses from Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen-Cilag, MSD Oncology, and Roche; acted in a leadership–fiduciary role for Dutch Uro-Oncology study Group; and participated in a data safety monitoring–advisory board for the GLOW trial (glioblastoma). FP acted in a consulting or advisory role for Ipsen, Janssen Oncology, and Merck Serono. FS received honoraria from Advanced Accelerator Applications, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, and Merck; acted in a consulting or advisory role for Advanced Accelerator Applications, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Janssen, MSD/Merck, and Lilly; received travel and accommodations expenses from Advanced Accelerator Applications, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, and Janssen; and provided expert testimony for Advanced Accelerator Applications, AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, MSD/Merck, and Lilly. MS received honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda; research funding from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, MSD, and Pfizer; and travel and accommodation expenses from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, and MSD. OS acted in a consulting or advisory role for AAA, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Bavarian Nordic, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clarity Pharmaceuticals, Clovis, Constellation, Dendreon, EMD Serono, Fusion, Isotopen Technologien Muenchen, Janssen, Myovant, Myriad, Noria Therapeutics, Novartis, Noxopharm, Progenics, POINT Biopharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Tenebio, Telix, and Theragnostics; received research funding from AAA, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Endocyte, Invitae, Janssen, Lantheus, Merck, Progenics, and Tenebio; provided expert testimony for Sanofi; received travel and accommodation expenses from Lantheus and North Start; participated in a data safety monitoring–advisory board for AstraZeneca and Pfizer; and holds stock options with Ratio, Convergent, Fusion, and Telix. Y-ZL, LB, and PMdR are AstraZeneca employees and shareholders. CP is an employee and shareholder of Merck. AJA has acted in a consulting or advisory role for Astellas Scientific and Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dendreon, Exelixis, FORMA Therapeutics, GoodRx, Janssen, Merck, Myovant Sciences, Novartis, and Pfizer; has received research funding (institutional) from Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Dendreon, FORMA Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Oncology, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche–Genentech; owns patents, receives royalties, or other intellectual property for circulating tumour cell novel capture technology (institutional); and has received travel and accommodation expenses from Astellas Scientific and Medical Affairs. CA, EB, and JYJ declare no competing interests.