Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Sep 7;28(1):324.
doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01281-6.

The cause and effect of gut microbiota in development of inflammatory disorders of the breast

Yibo Gu  1 , Muye Hou  1 , Jinyu Chu  1 , Li Wan  2 , Muyi Yang  3 , Jiemiao Shen  4 , Minghui Ji  5
Affiliations

The cause and effect of gut microbiota in development of inflammatory disorders of the breast

Yibo Gu et al. Eur J Med Res. .

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory disorders of the breast (IDB) damages the interests of women and children and hinders the progress of global health seriously. Several studies had offered clues between gut microbiota (GM) and inflammatory disorders of the breast (IDB). The gut-mammary gland axis also implied a possible contribution of the GM to IDB. However, the causality between them is still elusive.

Methods: The data of two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study related to the composition of GM (n = 18,340) and IDB (n = 177,446) were accessed from openly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database. As the major analytical method, inverse variance weighted (IVW) was introduced and several sensitive analytical methods were conducted to verify results.

Results: Inverse variance weighted revealed Eubacterium rectale group (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.02-3.43, p = 4.20E-02), Olsenella (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.64, p = 3.30E-02), Ruminiclostridium-6 (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.08-2.14, p = 1.60E-02) had an anti-protective effect on IDB. Peptococcus (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60-0.94, p = 1.30E-02) had a protective effect on IDB. The results were credible through a series of test.

Conclusions: We revealed causality between IDB and GM taxa, exactly including Ruminiclostridium-6, Eubacterium rectale group, Olsenella and Peptococcus. These genera may become novel biomarkers and supply new viewpoint for probiotic treatment. However, these findings warrant further test owing to the insufficient evidences.

Keywords: Causal reasoning; Gut microbiota; Inflammatory disorders of the breast; Mendelian randomization study.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study design and MR assumptions
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Leave-one-out plots for the causal effects between GM and IDB. A Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis of MR for the effect of the genus Eubacterium rectale group on IDB; B leave-one-out sensitivity analysis of MR for the effect of the genus Olsenella on IDB; C leave-one-out sensitivity analysis of MR for the effect of the genus Peptococcus on IDB; D leave-one-out sensitivity analysis of MR for the effect of the genus Ruminiclostridium-6 on IDB. The red and black dot or bar indicated the causal estimate between GM and IDB
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Scatter plots for the causal effects between GM and IDB. A The causal effect of the genus Eubacterium rectale group on IDB; B the causal effect of the genus Olsenella on IDB; C the causal effect of the genus Peptococcus on IDB; D the causal effect of the genus Ruminiclostridium-6 on IDB. The slopes of line represented the causal effect of each method, respectively. The black dot indicated each related SNP. A negative correlation line with a slope less than 0, indicating the protective effect of GM on IDB. A positive correlation line with a slope greater than 0, indicating the anti-protective effect of GM on IDB
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Scott DM. Inflammatory diseases of the breast. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022;83:72–87. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.11.013. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lai BY, Yu BW, Chu AJ, et al. Risk factors for lactation mastitis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0251182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251182. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kamal RM, Hamed ST, Salem DS. Classification of inflammatory breast disorders and step by step diagnosis. Breast J. 2009;15(4):367–380. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00740.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Blackmon MM, Nguyen H, Mukherji P. Acute mastitis. StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. - PubMed
    1. Tsai MJ, Huang WC, Wang JT, et al. Factors associated with treatment duration and recurrence rate of complicated mastitis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(6):875–881. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.028. - DOI - PubMed