Neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation
- PMID: 37573628
- PMCID: PMC10543597
- DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106365
Neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation
Abstract
Famine and starvation have punctuated the evolutionary past of the human species. As such, we have developed hormonal responses to undernutrition that minimize energy expenditure on processes that are not critical for the survival of the individual, such as reproduction. In this review, we discuss neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, growth hormone resistance, hypercortisolemia, and the downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. We review the time-course of these adaptations by describing studies involving the short-term fasting of healthy individuals as well as studies describing the hormonal changes in states of chronic undernutrition, using individuals with anorexia nervosa as a model of chronic starvation. Lastly, we review representative clinical effects of chronic undernutrition.
Keywords: Amenorrhea; Anorexia nervosa; Bone marrow adipose tissue; Growth hormone resistance.
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of Competing Interest PKF is a consultant for Regeneron and Xeris Pharmaceuticals. Tânia Amorim, Anamil Khiyami and Tariq Latif declare they have no conflict of interest.
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