Spotlight on Sleep Stage Classification Based on EEG
- PMID: 37405208
- PMCID: PMC10317531
- DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S401270
Spotlight on Sleep Stage Classification Based on EEG
Abstract
The recommendations for identifying sleep stages based on the interpretation of electrophysiological signals (electroencephalography [EEG], electro-oculography [EOG], and electromyography [EMG]), derived from the Rechtschaffen and Kales manual, were published in 2007 at the initiative of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, and regularly updated over years. They offer an important tool to assess objective markers in different types of sleep/wake subjective complaints. With the aims and advantages of simplicity, reproducibility and standardization of practices in research and, most of all, in sleep medicine, they have overall changed little in the way they describe sleep. However, our knowledge on sleep/wake physiology and sleep disorders has evolved since then. High-density electroencephalography and intracranial electroencephalography studies have highlighted local regulation of sleep mechanisms, with spatio-temporal heterogeneity in vigilance states. Progress in the understanding of sleep disorders has allowed the identification of electrophysiological biomarkers better correlated with clinical symptoms and outcomes than standard sleep parameters. Finally, the huge development of sleep medicine, with a demand for explorations far exceeding the supply, has led to the development of alternative studies, which can be carried out at home, based on a smaller number of electrophysiological signals and on their automatic analysis. In this perspective article, we aim to examine how our description of sleep has been constructed, has evolved, and may still be reshaped in the light of advances in knowledge of sleep physiology and the development of technical recording and analysis tools. After presenting the strengths and limitations of the classification of sleep stages, we propose to challenge the "EEG-EOG-EMG" paradigm by discussing the physiological signals required for sleep stages identification, provide an overview of new tools and automatic analysis methods and propose avenues for the development of new approaches to describe and understand sleep/wake states.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; automatic; electrophysiology; recommendation; scoring; visual.
© 2023 Lambert and Peter-Derex.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors report no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest in this work.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/10317531/bin/NSS-15-479-g0001.gif)
![Figure 2](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/10317531/bin/NSS-15-479-g0002.gif)
![Figure 3](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/10317531/bin/NSS-15-479-g0003.gif)
Similar articles
-
An E-health solution for automatic sleep classification according to Rechtschaffen and Kales: validation study of the Somnolyzer 24 x 7 utilizing the Siesta database.Neuropsychobiology. 2005;51(3):115-33. doi: 10.1159/000085205. Epub 2005 Apr 18. Neuropsychobiology. 2005. PMID: 15838184
-
An Automated Wavelet-Based Sleep Scoring Model Using EEG, EMG, and EOG Signals with More Than 8000 Subjects.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 11;19(12):7176. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19127176. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35742426 Free PMC article.
-
SleepSEEG: automatic sleep scoring using intracranial EEG recordings only.J Neural Eng. 2022 May 3;19(2). doi: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6829. J Neural Eng. 2022. PMID: 35439736
-
The Visual Scoring of Sleep in Infants 0 to 2 Months of Age.J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Mar;12(3):429-45. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5600. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016. PMID: 26951412 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The visual scoring of sleep in adults.J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Mar 15;3(2):121-31. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007. PMID: 17557422 Review.
Cited by
-
The Relationship between Sleep Parameters Measured by Polysomnography and Selected Neurotrophic Factors.J Clin Med. 2024 Feb 3;13(3):893. doi: 10.3390/jcm13030893. J Clin Med. 2024. PMID: 38337587 Free PMC article.
-
Association between sleep quality and nocturnal erection monitor by RigiScan in erectile dysfunction patients: a prospective study using fitbit charge 2.Basic Clin Androl. 2023 Nov 27;33(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12610-023-00206-x. Basic Clin Androl. 2023. PMID: 38008740 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Berger H. Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. Archiv f Psychiatrie. 1929;87(1):527–570. doi:10.1007/BF01797193 - DOI
-
- Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d’activité électrique cérébrale rapide au cours du sommeil physiologique. CR Soc Biol. 1959;153:1024–1028.
-
- Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. A manual of standardized terminology, tecniques and scoring system for sleep stage of human subjects. In: Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute. Los Angeles: University of Californian; 1968.
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources