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Review
. 2023 Jun 14:11:1199220.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199220. eCollection 2023.

An overview of the material science and knowledge of nanomedicine, bioscaffolds, and tissue engineering for tendon restoration

Wenqing Liang  1 , Chao Zhou  2 , Yanfeng Meng  3 , Lifeng Fu  4 , Bin Zeng  1 , Zunyong Liu  1 , Wenyi Ming  1 , Hengguo Long  1
Affiliations
Review

An overview of the material science and knowledge of nanomedicine, bioscaffolds, and tissue engineering for tendon restoration

Wenqing Liang et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Tendon wounds are a worldwide health issue affecting millions of people annually. Due to the characteristics of tendons, their natural restoration is a complicated and lengthy process. With the advancement of bioengineering, biomaterials, and cell biology, a new science, tissue engineering, has developed. In this field, numerous ways have been offered. As increasingly intricate and natural structures resembling tendons are produced, the results are encouraging. This study highlights the nature of the tendon and the standard cures that have thus far been utilized. Then, a comparison is made between the many tendon tissue engineering methodologies proposed to date, concentrating on the ingredients required to gain the structures that enable appropriate tendon renewal: cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and scaffold formation methods. The analysis of all these factors enables a global understanding of the impact of each component employed in tendon restoration, thereby shedding light on potential future approaches involving the creation of novel combinations of materials, cells, designs, and bioactive molecules for the restoration of a functional tendon.

Keywords: biomaterials; bioscaffolds; nanomedicine; tendon injuries; tendon reengineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Structural of tendons. Adopted from Alshomer et al. (2018) under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The phases of tendon restoration include the inflammatory phase, the propagative phase, and the remodeling phase. Alterations are classified according to their type as cellular, ECM, and molecular variations.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Diagram showing the primary components utilized in TI, including cells, scaffolds, and bioactive chemicals. Indicated are the stages of the conventional estimation for the use of TE. hiPSC, stimulated pluripotent stem cells; MSC, mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs,r adipose-derived stem cells; BSCs, bone marrow stem cells; TDSCs , tendon-derived stem cells; HA, hyaluronic acid; GAG, glycosaminoglycans; PLA, polylactic acid; PGA, polyglycolic acid. Adopted from Ruiz-Alonso et al. (2021) under a Creative Commons license (Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
(A) Surgical scenario depicting the implantation of OrthADAPTTM during the original operation. (B) Surgical scenario depicting the removal of inflammatory tissue during revision surgery. (C) Histopathological examination indicated that granulomatous inflammatory alterations were the source of persistent inflammation resulting from an iatrogenic foreign-body reaction. The foreign substance is absorbed and encircled by immune cells structured as a palisade in the image’s center. Adopted from Lamas et al. (2019) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Ag ion cumulative release percentages and concentration from Ag 4 percent -PLLA, Ag4 percent–IBU4 percent–PLLA, and Ag8 percent–PLLA electrospun fibers (A); and IBU release from Ag4 percent–IBU4 percent–PLLA electrospun fibers (B) following incubation in PBS at 37°C. Adopted from Chen et al. (2014b) under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
A schematic illustration of the injectable poly (organophosphazene)-celecoxib nanoparticle (PCNP) hydrogel for the non-invasive care for Achilles tendinitis. Adopted from Kim et al. (2022) under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Grants and funding

This work was supported by Public Technology Applied Research Projects of Zhejiang Province (LGF22H060023 to WL), Medical and Health Research Project of Zhejiang Province (2022KY433 to WL, 2021KY1164 to LF, 2023KY1303 to HL), Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Projects of Zhejiang Province (2022ZB382 to WL, 2023016295 to WM), Research Fund Projects of The Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University (2021FSYYZY45 to WL), Science and Technology Project of Zhoushan (2022C31034 to CZ, 2021C31099 to BZ).