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Review
. 2023 Jan 23;11(2):251.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020251.

Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances

Japhette E Kembou-Ringert  1 , Dieter Steinhagen  2 , John Readman  1 , Janet M Daly  3 , Mikolaj Adamek  2
Affiliations
Review

Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances

Japhette E Kembou-Ringert et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Tilapia tilapinevirus (or tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is a recently emerging virus associated with a novel disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations around the world. Since its initial identification, TiLV has been reported in 17 countries, often causing mortalities as high as 90% in the affected populations. To date, no therapeutics or commercial vaccines exist for TiLV disease control. Tilapia exposed to TiLV can develop protective immunity, suggesting that vaccination is achievable. Given the important role of vaccination in fish farming, several vaccine strategies are currently being explored and put forward against TiLV but, a comprehensive overview on the efficacy of these platforms is lacking. We here present these approaches in relation with previously developed fish vaccines and discuss their efficacy, vaccine administration routes, and the various factors that can impact vaccine efficacy. The overall recent advances in TiLV vaccine development show different but promising levels of protection. The field is however hampered by the lack of knowledge of the biology of TiLV, notably the function of its genes. Further research and the incorporation of several approaches including prime-boost vaccine regimens, codon optimization, or reverse vaccinology would be beneficial to increase the effectiveness of vaccines targeting TiLV and are further discussed in this review.

Keywords: fish vaccine; tilapia lake virus; vaccination; vaccines in aquaculture.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Global presence of TiLV: in red are the countries where the presence of TiLV was reported.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms after vaccination with a DNA vaccine. Following administration of a DNA vaccine bearing the antigen gene of interest, cells of the host take up the vaccine and utilize their cellular machinery to produce and express the foreign protein deriving from this antigen of interest. The secreted or presented antigen is then recognized by the immune cells such as antigen-presenting cells, which in turn leads to the activation of both humoral and cellular defense mechanisms.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The overall recent vaccine formulations reported against TiLV. A hypothetical structure of TiLV showing the 10 viral RNPs, the lipid bilayer, the PB1 hypothetically complexed with other proteins possibly acting as PA and PB2, and the nucleoprotein deriving from segment 4. The five main vaccine types that have been developed and reported against TiLV are also represented.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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