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. 2022 Apr 2;11(4):554.
doi: 10.3390/biology11040554.

Maintenance of Genetic Diversity of Black Sea Bream despite Unmonitored and Large-Scale Hatchery Releases

Te-Hua Hsu  1   2 , Hung-Tai Lee  3 , Hsueh-Jung Lu  3 , Cheng-Hsin Liao  3 , Hong-Yi Gong  1   2 , Chang-Wen Huang  1   2
Affiliations

Maintenance of Genetic Diversity of Black Sea Bream despite Unmonitored and Large-Scale Hatchery Releases

Te-Hua Hsu et al. Biology (Basel). .

Abstract

Stock enhancement, used for replenishing depleted wild finfish populations, is an aggressive approach. Stock enhancement projects in Taiwan involve black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), a major commercial species. During 2004-2015, even management agencies conducted stock enhancement projects, leading to numerous private releases that have not been recorded. Stock enhancement by a private hatchery without accurate genetic records may lead to a genetic structure change in wild populations. Using allele frequencies at nine microsatellite loci, we studied the genetic effects of stock enhancement in 19 samples collected from populations in the hatcheries and the wild. In 458 individuals from nine hatchery samples, most populations showed weak but significant genetic differences and complex clusters in structure analysis, indicating dramatic stock change within and among hatcheries. The 10 wild populations (n = 773) also had a complex genetic composition and were genetically different among sampling sites and times. However, a simple and clear cluster in structure analysis was found for only one sampling site, which had no release history. Thus, stock enhancement with complex genetic sources helps maintain genetic diversity but dramatically changes the genetic structure within and among wild populations, especially when stock enhancement is successful.

Keywords: Sparidae; aquaculture; genetic diversity; genetic effect; microsatellites.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sampling, hatchery, and stock enhancement information for black sea bream.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sampling locations and structure analysis of 19 black sea bream populations. KS: Kaohsiung City, private hatchery which provides juveniles for official release; PR: Kaohsiung City, from unknown hatchery for private release; TP: Taipei city; ML: Miaoli County; YL: Yunlin County; CY: Chiayi County; PH: Penghu County; TN: Tainan City; KM: Kinmen County; MT: Matsu islands; XM: Xiamen city; QD: Qingdao city; and JP: Nagasaki Prefecture. The estimated population structure based on the highest probability structure run at K = 8. Each individual is represented by a thin vertical line, which is partitioned into K colored segments that represent individuals’ estimated likelihood of membership in each of the K clusters.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Allele frequency of nine microsatellite loci in hatchery (n = 388) and wild (n = 739) black sea bream populations in Taiwan. Hatchery: KS_C1, KS_C2, KS_C3, PR_C1, PR_C2, KM_C, and MT_C; Wild: ML_W1, ML_W2, ML_W3, YL_W, PH_W, TN_W, TP_W, KM_W, and CY_W.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Kinship network based on pairwise relatedness within 19 populations. Wild populations: ML_W1, ML_W2, ML_W3, YL_W, PH_W, TN_W, TP_W, KM_W, CY_W, and JP_W; Cultured populations: KS_C1, KS_C2, KS_C3, PR_C1, PR_C2, KM_C, MT_C, XM_C, and QD_C. Pairwise relatedness® > 0.4.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Kinship network based on pairwise relatedness: (a) seven wild populations and (b) nine cultured populations. Wild populations: ML_W1, YL_W, PH_W, TN_W, TP_W, KM_W, and CY_W; Cultured populations: KS_C1, KS_C2, KS_C3, PR_C1, PR_C2, KM_C, and MT_C. Pairwise relatedne®(r) > 0.4.
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