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Review
. 2022 Feb 25;11(3):368.
doi: 10.3390/biology11030368.

Advantage of Species Diversification to Facilitate Sustainable Development of Aquaculture Sector

Dae-Young Kim  1 , Surendra Krushna Shinde  1 , Avinash Ashok Kadam  2 , Rijuta Ganesh Saratale  2 , Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale  3 , Manu Kumar  4 , Asad Syed  5 , Ali H Bahkali  5 , Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake  1
Affiliations
Review

Advantage of Species Diversification to Facilitate Sustainable Development of Aquaculture Sector

Dae-Young Kim et al. Biology (Basel). .

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Abstract

Intensified agrochemical-based monoculture systems worldwide are under adoption to meet the challenge of human population growth and the ever-growing global demand for food. However, this path has been opposed and criticized because it involves overexploitation of land, monoculture of few species, excessive input of agrochemicals, and adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The wide diversity among polyculture systems practiced across the globe has created confusion over the priority of a single strategy towards sustainable aquaculture development and safer products. Herein, we highlight the significance of polyculture and integrated aquaculture practices in conveying the successful transition of the aquaculture industry towards sustainable development. So far, the established thought is that the precise selection of aquatic species and a focus on compatible and complementary species combinations are supposed to facilitate rapid progress in food production with more profitability and sustainability. Therefore, the advantages of species diversification are discussed from an ecological perspective to enforce aquaculture expansion. This account asserts that a diverse range of aquaculture practices can promote synergies among farmed species, enhance system resilience, enable conservation, decrease ecological footprints, and provide social benefits such as diversified income and local food security.

Keywords: integrated aquaculture; polyculture; species compatibility; species complementarity; species diversification; sustainable development.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors confirm no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of aquaculture systems that involve basic complementarity. (a) Multi-trophic aquaculture involving unfed species based on the discrete trophic levels accessible in a farm setting, e.g., conventional aquaculture pond systems of carp species. (b) Mono-trophic aquaculture system involving two fed-fish species with the same trophic-level food resources (formulated feed pellets), e.g., open cage systems or RASs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic illustration of aquaculture based on the principle of enhanced complementarity via trophic interactions amongst combined species. In IMTA, water flow supports the multi-trophic interactions. This principle enables the utilization of the waste of one aquaculture subsystem as a food source for another. For instance, finfish species are reared based on pellet feeding. Extractive shellfish species utilize dissolved organic matter, and seaweed extracts the inorganic content: feces and uneaten food consumed by detritivorous sea cucumber species.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic representation of an aquaculture system based on enhanced species complementarity via trophic interactions among the farmed species. This system integrated agriculture–aquaculture associated with terrestrial farming units and aquaculture systems. Herein, nutrient recycling is systematized among farm components, including terrestrial crops, co-products, livestock feed, and nutrients for aquatic settings (zooplankton and phytoplankton) as reported in the previous report [37].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Graphical illustration of a polyculture system based on enhanced species complementarity through beneficial interactions amongst combined fish species. (a) Polyculture system based on commensalism, a positive interaction among fish species. The foraging behavior of one fish species enhances feed resource availability needed for another fish species by playing a role in the resuspension of nutrients accumulated at the sediment layer from the water column. (b) Polyculture system based on the principle of mutualism between fish species. Both the fish species benefit from being cultivated together, e.g., in cage systems. Here, a cleaner fish protects client fish by controlling sea lice as stated in the previous report [152].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Types of polyculture systems: (a) direct polyculture, (b) pond-cum-cage polyculture, and (c) sequential polyculture. Compatible species other than those shown in the figure can be cultured.
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