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Review
. 2022 Jan 23;23(3):1255.
doi: 10.3390/ijms23031255.

The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases

Yi-Jen Hsueh  1   2 , Yen-Ning Chen  1   3 , Yu-Ting Tsao  1 , Chao-Min Cheng  4 , Wei-Chi Wu  1   3 , Hung-Chi Chen  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases

Yi-Jen Hsueh et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Oxidative stress is an important pathomechanism found in numerous ocular degenerative diseases. To provide a better understanding of the mechanism and treatment of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance-induced ocular diseases, this article summarizes and provides updates on the relevant research. We review the oxidative damage (e.g., lipid peroxidation, DNA lesions, autophagy, and apoptosis) that occurs in different areas of the eye (e.g., cornea, anterior chamber, lens, retina, and optic nerve). We then introduce the antioxidant mechanisms present in the eye, as well as the ocular diseases that occur as a result of antioxidant imbalances (e.g., keratoconus, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma), the relevant antioxidant biomarkers, and the potential of predictive diagnostics. Finally, we discuss natural antioxidant therapies for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases.

Keywords: antioxidant biomarkers; antioxidant therapy; ocular diseases; oxidative stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The effects of reactive oxidative species in the eye. The anterior segment includes the cornea, iris, and lens. The posterior segment includes the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. * Mitochondrial ETCs: Mitochondrial electron transport chains.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; PRX: peroxiredoxin; TRX: thioredoxin; RED: reduced; OX: oxidized; MDA: malondialdehyde; GST: glutathione S-transferase.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Oxidative stress-related ocular diseases. * FECD—Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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