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Review
. 2022 Mar;36(3):258-272.
doi: 10.1177/02698811211069100. Epub 2022 Feb 2.

Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science

Anne K Schlag  1   2   3 , Jacob Aday  1   4   5 , Iram Salam  1 , Jo C Neill  1   6 , David J Nutt  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science

Anne K Schlag et al. J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Despite an increasing body of research highlighting their efficacy to treat a broad range of medical conditions, psychedelic drugs remain a controversial issue among the public and politicians, tainted by previous stigmatisation and perceptions of risk and danger.

Objective: This narrative review examines the evidence for potential harms of the classic psychedelics by separating anecdotes and misinformation from systematic research.

Methods: Taking a high-level perspective, we address both psychological and psychiatric risks, such as abuse liability and potential for dependence, as well as medical harms, including toxicity and overdose. We explore the evidence base for these adverse effects to elucidate which of these harms are based largely on anecdotes versus those that stand up to current scientific scrutiny.

Results: Our review shows that medical risks are often minimal, and that many - albeit not all - of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context.

Conclusions: This highlights the importance for clinicians and therapists to keep to the highest safety and ethical standards. It is imperative not to be overzealous and to ensure balanced media reporting to avoid future controversies, so that much needed research can continue.

Keywords: Psilocybin; abuse liability/dependence; ayahuasca; d-lysergic acid diethylamide; dimethyltryptamine; hallucinogen persistent perception disorder; hypertension; mescaline; toxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: A.K.S. is the Head of Research of Drug Science, D.J.N. is the Chair of Drug Science and J.C.N. is an expert member of Drug Science. J.A. and I.S. are Honorary Research Assistants of Drug Science. Drug Science receives an unrestricted educational grant from a consortium of medical psychedelics companies. D.J.N. is a paid advisor to COMPASS Pathways, J.C.N. is a paid scientific advisor to Beckley PsyTech, Octarine Bio and Albert Labs.

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