Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- PMID: 34563389
- DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.031
Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are self-perpetuating dysfunctional cognitive structures that have been linked with youth psychological health and play a significant role in developing and maintaining psychological distress, including anxiety symptoms.
Method: The present meta-analysis synthesises the existing literature to evaluate the strength of association between EMS and anxiety symptoms among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-29 years). The systematic literature search was carried out in October 2019 using six different databases.
Results: Our systematic search has identified 15 studies, comprising of 9515 participants (Mean age = 18.95, SD = 5.30). All the studies assessed were either cross-sectional or longitudinally designed. The random effect estimate for overall EMS with anxiety was r = 0.59 (95% Cl = 0.50 to 0.68, Z = 9.69, p < 0.0001), indicating a strong association between EMS and anxiety. When different schema domains were investigated separately, anxiety was shown to have significantly stronger associations with the schema domains of disconnection/rejection (r = 0.50), impaired autonomy/performance (r = 0.47) and other-directedness (r = 0.49). Further, females were found to have higher schemas of hypervigilance and other-directedness and associated anxiety symptoms compared to males.
Limitations: Meta-analytical results were limited to articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English language, inducing an upward publication bias and limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Conclusions: The findings highlight schemas related to disconnection/rejection, impaired autonomy/performance and other-directedness as particularly salient precursors of anxiety symptoms, providing evidence for clinicians to target these particular schemas during prevention, intervention, and management of anxiety disorder.
Keywords: Adolescents; Anxiety disorders; Early maladaptive schemas; Meta-analysis; Young Adults.
Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Similar articles
-
A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood.Psychol Med. 2021 Jun;51(8):1233-1248. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721001458. Epub 2021 Jun 10. Psychol Med. 2021. PMID: 34109934 Review.
-
[Exploring Early Maladaptative Schema (EMS) in adults with bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the scientific literature].Encephale. 2020 Feb;46(1):65-77. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.09.005. Epub 2019 Nov 22. Encephale. 2020. PMID: 31767255 French.
-
Early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviours: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023 Nov-Dec;30(6):1416-1432. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2882. Epub 2023 Jul 18. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023. PMID: 37464912 Review.
-
The purpose of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in the relationship dysfunction among people with bipolar disorder in the euthymic phase.Encephale. 2024 Jun;50(3):265-274. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.06.016. Epub 2023 Aug 19. Encephale. 2024. PMID: 37604720
-
Depression in early, middle and late adolescence: differential evidence for the cognitive diathesis-stress model.Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013 Sep-Oct;20(5):369-83. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1789. Epub 2012 Apr 4. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2013. PMID: 22473794
Cited by
-
Association between Active Commuting and Lifestyle Parameters with Mental Health Problems in Chilean Children and Adolescent.Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Jun 29;14(7):554. doi: 10.3390/bs14070554. Behav Sci (Basel). 2024. PMID: 39062377 Free PMC article.
-
Early Parenting Interactions and First-Time Mothers' Postnatal Depression and Parental Competence.Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2024 Apr 6;14(4):963-975. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe14040063. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2024. PMID: 38667818 Free PMC article.
-
A cohort study comparing the effects of medical cannabis for anxiety patients with and without comorbid sleep disturbance.Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2024 Mar;44(1):129-142. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12407. Epub 2023 Dec 28. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2024. PMID: 38155535 Free PMC article.
-
Resilience and Strategic Emotional Intelligence as Mediators between the Disconnection and Rejection Domain and Negative Parenting among Female Intimate Partner Violence Victims.Brain Sci. 2023 Sep 6;13(9):1290. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13091290. Brain Sci. 2023. PMID: 37759891 Free PMC article.
-
Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes among People with Histories of Suicidality and the Possibility of a Universal Pattern: A Systematic Review.Brain Sci. 2023 Aug 17;13(8):1216. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13081216. Brain Sci. 2023. PMID: 37626572 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical