Declaration of interests MA reports personal fees from Bayer, Boehringer, Tecnofarma, and Axon, and non-financial support from Boehringer, outside the submitted work. YA reports grants from the Dutch Heart Foundation and has a patent image guided plaque ablation (USP 945593 licenced). CNBM reports grants from US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Study Section, Peer Review Medical Research Program Cardiovascular Health for the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) subcontract to Research Triangle Institute International, NHLBI R01, US National Institute on Aging U54, and Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation HFpEF; consulting fees from the US Food and Drug Administration Renal Advisory Panel; and consulting fees or honoraria from iRhythm, Abbott Diagnostics, and Sanofi Vascular. AC reports personal fees from Abbott Vascular, Magenta, Biosensor, Abiomed, and Cardional Health. GAF reports grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Abbott Diagnostics; and personal fees from CSL Behring and Janssen. VK reports personal fees from honoraria and for speaking from Bayer, Daichii Sankyo, Amgen, AstraZeneca, and Abbott, outside the submitted work. CSPL reports grants from Boston Scientific, Bayer, Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Medtronic, and Vifor Pharma; personal fees from Abbott Diagnostics, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Corvia Medical, Cytokinetics, Darma, Us2.ai, JanaCare, Janssen Research & Development, Medtronic, Menarini Group, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Radcliffe Group, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Stealth BioTherapeutics, The Corpus, Vifor Pharma, and WebMD Global; and has a patent pending (PCT/SG2016/050217), and a patent issued (16/216,929). JEP reports grants from BIOTRONIK and AtriCure. JS reports grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada, Michael Smith Foundation of Health Research, and NIH; and consulting fees from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Gore, Baylis, and Abiomed. RM reports grants from Abbott Laboratories, Abiomed, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beth Israel Deaconess, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cerecor, Chiesi, Concept Medical, CSL Behring, DSI, Medtronic, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, OrbusNeich, and Zoll; personal fees from Boston Scientific, Cine-Med Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, Medscape/WebMD, American College of Cardiology, and American Medical Association; non-financial support from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; consultancy or advisory board fees paid to her institution from Abbott Laboratories, Beth Israel Deaconess, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Concept Medical, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Novartis, CardiaWave, Duke University, Idorsia, Spectranetics/Philips/Volcano Corp; consultant fees paid to the institution of her spouse from Abiomed, Bayer; <1% equity in Applied Therapeutics, Elixir Medical, and STEL; and spouse's <1% equity in ControlRad. All other authors declare no competing interests.