Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Mar 18;3(3):CD011424.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011424.pub3.

Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination

Bich Ngoc Bui  1 , Sarah F Lensen  2 , Ahmed Gibreel  3 , Wellington P Martins  4 , Helen Torrance  1 , Frank J Broekmans  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination

Bich Ngoc Bui et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Intentional endometrial injury is being proposed as a technique to improve the probability of pregnancy in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Endometrial injury is often performed by pipelle biopsy and is a common gynaecological procedure with established safety. However, it causes a moderate degree of discomfort/pain and requires an additional pelvic examination. The effectiveness of this procedure outside of ART, in women or couples attempting to conceive via sexual intercourse or with intrauterine insemination (IUI), remains unclear.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of intentional endometrial injury performed in infertile women or couples attempting to conceive through sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination (IUI).

Search methods: The Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS, ISI Web of Knowledge, and clinical trial registries were searched from inception to 21 May 2020, as were conference abstracts and reference lists of relevant reviews and included studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated any kind of intentional endometrial injury in women planning to undergo IUI or attempting to conceive spontaneously (with or without ovarian stimulation (OS)) compared to no intervention, a mock intervention, or intentional endometrial injury performed at a different time or to a higher/lower degree.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane. Primary outcomes were live birth/ongoing pregnancy and pain experienced during the procedure. Due to high risk of bias associated with many of the studies, primary analyses of all review outcomes were restricted to studies at low risk of bias. Sensitivity analysis including all studies was then performed.

Main results: We included 23 RCTs (4035 women). Most of these studies included women with unexplained infertility. Intentional endometrial injury versus either no intervention or a sham procedure The primary analysis was restricted to studies at low risk of bias, which left only one study included. We are uncertain whether endometrial injury has an effect on the probability of live birth, as only one study is included in the analysis and the confidence interval is wide (risk ratio (RR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 1.59; 1 RCT, 210 participants). Evidence suggests that if the chance of live birth with no intervention/a sham procedure is assumed to be 34%, then the chance with endometrial injury would be 27% to 55%. When all studies were included in the sensitivity analysis, we were uncertain whether endometrial injury improves live birth/ongoing pregnancy, as the evidence was of very low quality (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.21; 8 RCTs, 1522 participants; I² = 16%). Evidence suggests that if the chance of live birth/ongoing pregnancy with no intervention/a sham procedure is assumed to be 13%, then the chance with endometrial injury would be 17% to 28%. A narrative synthesis conducted for the other primary outcome of pain during the procedure included studies measuring pain on a zero-to-ten visual analogue scale (VAS) or grading pain as mild/moderate/severe, and showed that most often mild to moderate pain was reported (6 RCTs, 911 participants; very low-quality evidence). Higher versus lower degree of intentional endometrial injury Evidence was insufficient to show whether there is a difference in ongoing pregnancy rates (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.35; 1 RCT, 332 participants; low-quality evidence) between hysteroscopy with endometrial injury and hysteroscopy alone. Evidence suggests that if the chance of ongoing pregnancy with hysteroscopy alone is 10%, then the chance with hysteroscopy with endometrial injury would be 7% to 24%. This study did not report the primary outcomes of live birth and pain during the procedure. Timing of intentional endometrial injury Four trials compared endometrial injury performed in the cycle before IUI to that performed in the same cycle as IUI. None of these studies reported the primary outcomes of live birth/ongoing pregnancy and pain during the procedure. One study compared endometrial injury in the early follicular phase (EFP; Day 2 to 4) to endometrial injury in the late follicular phase (LFP; Day 7 to 9), both in the same cycle as IUI. The primary outcome live birth/ongoing pregnancy was not reported, but the study did report the other primary outcome of pain during the procedure assessed by a zero-to-ten VAS. The average pain score was 3.67 (standard deviation (SD) 0.7) when endometrial injury was performed in the EFP and 3.84 (SD 0.96) when endometrial injury was performed in the LFP. The mean difference was -0.17, suggesting that on average, women undergoing endometrial injury in the EFP scored 0.17 points lower on the VAS as compared to women undergoing endometrial injury in the LFP (95% CI -0.48 to 0.14; 1 RCT, 110 participants; very low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Evidence is insufficient to show whether there is a difference in live birth/ongoing pregnancy between endometrial injury and no intervention/a sham procedure in women undergoing IUI or attempting to conceive via sexual intercourse. The pooled results should be interpreted with caution, as the evidence was of low to very low quality due to high risk of bias present in most included studies and an overall low level of precision. Furthermore, studies investigating the effect of timing of endometrial injury did not report the outcome live birth/ongoing pregnancy; therefore no conclusions could be drawn for this outcome. Further well-conducted RCTs that recruit large numbers of participants and minimise bias are required to confirm or refute these findings. Current evidence is insufficient to support routine use of endometrial injury in women undergoing IUI or attempting to conceive via sexual intercourse.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02492451.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

BB, HT, and FB are authors of one ongoing study (NTR6687). BB and HT have no other known conflicts of interest. FB has no other known conflicts of interest regarding this topic.

AG is an author of one of the included studies ‐ Gibreel 2019 ‐ and has no other known conflicts of interest.

SL is an author of two ongoing studies (ACTRN12614000657628; ACTRN12614000656639). SL has no other known conflicts of interest.

WPM has no known conflicts of interest.

When a review author was also the author of an included study, that review author was not involved in the process of appraising the study for inclusion, performing 'Risk of bias' assessments, or extracting data.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' category for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1. Intentional endometrial injury vs. either no intervention or a sham procedure, outcome: 1.1 Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: primary analysis restricted to studies at low risk of bias.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1. Intentional endometrial injury vs. either no intervention or a sham procedure, outcome: 1.2 Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: sensitivity analysis, including all studies reporting live birth or ongoing pregnancy.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 2 Higher vs lower degree of intentional endometrial injury, outcome: 2.1 Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: sensitivity analysis, including all studies reporting live birth or ongoing pregnancy.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, outcome: 1.3 Clinical pregnancy: sensitivity analysis, including all studies reporting clinical pregnancy.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, outcome: 1.5 Miscarriage: sensitivity analysis, including all studies reporting miscarriage.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 1: Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: primary analysis (low risk of bias only)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 2: Live birth or ongoing pregnancy: sensitivity analysis (all studies)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 3: Clinical pregnancy: sensitivity analysis (all studies)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 4: Miscarriage: primary analysis (low risk of bias only)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 5: Miscarriage: sensitivity analysis (all studies)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 6: Multiple pregnancy: sensitivity analysis (all studies)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intentional endometrial injury vs no intervention or a sham procedure, Outcome 7: Ectopic pregnancy: sensitivity analysis (all studies)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Higher vs lower degree of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 1: Live birth or ongoing pregnancy
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Higher vs lower degree of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 2: Clinical pregnancy
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Higher vs lower degree of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 3: Miscarriage
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Higher vs lower degree of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 4: Multiple pregnancy
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 1: Pain during the procedure: early (EFP) vs late (LFP) follicular phase (sensitivity analysis)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 2: Clinical pregnancy: prior cycle vs IUI cycle (sensitivity analysis)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 3: Clinical pregnancy: early (EFP) vs late (LFP) follicular phase (sensitivity analysis)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 4: Miscarriage: prior cycle vs IUI cycle (sensitivity analysis)
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 5: Miscarriage: early (EFP) vs late (LFP) follicular phase (sensitivity analysis)
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Timing of intentional endometrial injury, Outcome 6: Multiple pregnancy: prior cycle vs IUI cycle (sensitivity analysis)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

References to studies included in this review

Abdelhamid 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Abdelhamid AM. The success rate of pregnancy in IUI cycles following endometrial sampling. A randomized controlled study: endometrial sampling and pregnancy rates. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2013;288(3):673-8. - PubMed
Al‐Tamemi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Al-Tamemi KIA. Does endometrial injury improve intrauterine insemination outcome? [MSc thesis]. Cairo: Ain Shams University, 2014.
Ashrafi 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ashrafi M, Shahrokhtehraninejad E, Haghiri M, Arabipoo A, Masomi M, Jahanian Sadatmahalleh SH. The effect of endometrial scratching injury on pregnancy outcomes in women with intrauterine insemination failures. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility 2016;10(Suppl 1):94.
    1. Ashrafi M, Tehraninejad ES, Haghiri M, Masomi M, Sadatmahalleh SJ, Arabipoor A. The effect of endometrial scratch injury on pregnancy outcome in women with previous intrauterine insemination failure: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2017;43(9):1421-7. - PubMed
    1. IRCT201507271141N19. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of endometrial scratch injury on clinical pregnancy rate in patients with intrauterine insemination failures (compared with no intervention control group). https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201507271141N19. February 2016.
Bahaa Eldin 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bahaa Eldin AM, Abdelmaabud KH, Laban M, Hassanin AS, Tharwat AA, Aly TR, et al. Endometrial injury may increase the pregnancy rate in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination. Reproductive Sciences 2016;23(10):1326–31. - PubMed
    1. NCT02542280. Does endometrial injury improve intrauterine insemination outcome? https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02542280?cond=Does+Endometrial+In.... September 2015.
El‐Khayat 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. El-Khayat W, Elsadek M, Saber W. Comparing the effect of office hysteroscopy with endometrial scratch versus office hysteroscopy on intrauterine insemination outcome: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2015;194:96-100. - PubMed
Gad 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gad M. Trial of induced endometrial scratch for women undergoing IUI in unexplained infertility. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2018;143(Suppl 3):354-5.
Gibreel 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gibreel A, Ali R, Hemida R, Sherif L, El-Adawi N. Endometrial scratch for infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women undergoing laparoscopic ovarian drilling: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2019;24(1):1-6.
    1. NCT02140398. Endometrial scratching during laparoscopic ovarian drilling in subfertile PCOS women (ESLOD). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02140398?cond=Endometrial+Scratch.... May 2014.
Goel 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. CTRI/2015/12/006419. To evaluate the pregnancy rate after endometrial scratching in couples with unexplained infertility in ovulation induction and IUI cycles. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2015/12/006419. December 2015.
    1. Goel T, Mahey R, Bhatla N, Kalaivani M, Pant S, Kriplani A. Pregnancy after endometrial scratching in infertile couples undergoing ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination cycles - a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2017;34(8):1051-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kriplani A, Goel T, Mahey R, Garima K, Sharma JB, Bhatla N. Pregnancy rate after endometrial scratching in couples with unexplained infertility in ovulation induction & IUI cycles - a randomised controlled trial. Fertility & Sterility 2016;106(3 Suppl):e329.
    1. Mahey R, Goel T, Bhatla N, Kachhawa G, Kalaivani M, Kriplani A. Role of endometrial scratching in couples with unexplained infertility in ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination cycles - randomised controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2017;43(S1):181-2.
    1. Mahey R, Goel T, Gupta M, Kachhawa G, Kriplani A. To evaluate the pregnancy rate after endometrial scratching in couples with unexplained infertility in ovulation induction and IUI cycles. Fertility & Sterility 2015;104(3):e343.
Gupta 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gupta V, Radhakrishnan G, Arora V, Singh A. Evaluation of endometrial scratching on intrauterine insemination outcome and endometrial receptivity. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2018;23(4):363-9.
    1. Radhakrishnan G. Evaluation of endometrial scratching on intra-uterine insemination outcome and endometrial receptivity. Fertility & Sterility 2015;104(3 Suppl):e169.
Hamdi 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hamdi K, Nia NM, Hakimi P, Ghasemzadeh A. The effects of endometrial scratch on pregnancy rate in IUI cycles. International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences 2019;7(3):380-4.
    1. IRCT2016110213566N7. The effect of endometrial scratch on pregnancy rate in IUI cycles. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2016110213566N7. December 2016.
Hamza 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hamza H, Rezk M, Saad A. Subendometrial vascularity and high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing endometrial scratching prior to intrauterine insemination. Fertility & Sterility 2016;106(3):e322.
    1. PACTR201509001264171. Subendometrial vascularity and high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing endometrial scratching prior to intrauterine insemination: a randomized controlled trial. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR201509001264171. September 2015.
Jafarabadi 2020 {published and unpublished data}
    1. IRCT20180624040214N1. The effect of endometrial scratch on pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination cycle (IUI). https://www.irct.ir/trial/32114. November 2018.
    1. Jafarabadi MN, Bagheri M, Ebrahimi Z, Shariat M, Haghollahi F. Endometrial scratching effect on pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination cycles: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 2020;8(1):85-9.
Kandavel 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kandavel V, Quenby S. Patient acceptability and perception of randomisation in a trial of Scratch in Recurrent Miscarriage (SiM trial). Human Reproduction 2018;33(Suppl. 1):i353.
Maged 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Maged AM, Al-Inany H, Salama K, Souidan I, Ragab HM, Elnassery N. Endometrial scratch injury induces higher pregnancy rate for women with unexplained infertility undergoing IUI with ovarian stimulation: a randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Sciences 2016;23(2):239-43. - PubMed
Mahran 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mahran A, Ibrahim M, Abdelhakem A, Tony M, Abdelhamid K. Endometrial scratching improves clinical pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination in patients with unexplained infertility. International Jounal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;131(Suppl 5):E373.
Mardanian 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mardanian F, Mehrabian F, Khani B, Forugh Y. Investigating the effect of endometrial scratch on the success of IUI cycle. Electronic Journal of General Medicine 2018;15(4):1-5.
Parsanezhad 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. IRCT2012082510657N1. To compare the effect of endometrial local injury on frequency of pregnancy in couples with unexplained infertility by control group. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012082510657N1. November 2012.
    1. Parsanezhad ME, Dadras N, Maharlouei N, Neghahban L, Keramati P, Amini M. Pregnancy rate after endometrial injury in couples with unexplained infertility: a randomized clinical trial. Iran Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2013;11(11):869-74. - PMC - PubMed
Senocak 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Şenocak GC, Yapça ÖE, Börekçi B. Comparison of pregnancy rates between patients with and without local endometrial scratching before intrauterine insemination. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association 2016;17(1 Suppl):S72-3. - PubMed
    1. Senocak GC, Yapca OE, Borekci B. Comparison of pregnancy rates between patients with and without local endometrial scratching before intrauterine insemination. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction 2017;46(9):687-90. - PubMed
Soliman 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Soliman BS, Harira M. Local endometrial scratching under ultrasound-guidance after failed intrauterine insemination and cycle outcome: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2017;22(1):60-6.
Thyagaraju 2020 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2017/10/010056. The effect of endometrial scratching on pregnancy rate after failed intrauterine insemination. A randomised controlled trial. http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=20581&EncHid=&us.... October 2017.
Wadhwa 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. CTRI/2013/04/003521. Effect of endometrial biopsy on intrauterine insemination outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2013/04/003521. April 2013.
    1. Wadhwa L, Pritam A, Gupta T, Gupta S, Arora S, Chandoke R. Effect of endometrial biopsy on intrauterine insemination outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. Human Reproduction 2015;30(Suppl 1):i299-i300. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wadhwa L, Pritam A, Gupta T, Gupta S, Arora S, Chandoke R. Effect of endometrial biopsy on intrauterine insemination outcome in controlled ovarian stimulation cycle. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 2015;8(3):151-8. - PMC - PubMed
Wadhwa 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. CTRI/2017/09/009649. Therapeutic efficacy of endometrial scratching in repeated controlled ovarian stimulation failure cycles. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/09/009649. September 2017.
    1. Wadhwa L, Mishra M. Therapeutic efficacy of endometrial scratching in repeated controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) failure cycles. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 2018;11(1):59-71. - PMC - PubMed
Zarei 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. IRCT2012070810210N1. Evaluating the effects of iatrogenic endometrial injury before performing intrauterine insemination in increasing fertility in couples referred to infertility center. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2012070810210N1. January 2013.
    1. Zarei A, Alborzi S, Dadras N, Azadi G. The effects of endometrial injury on intrauterine insemination outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2014;12(9):649-52. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zarei A, Parsanezhad ME, Alborzi S, Dadras N, Samsami A, Zolghadri J. Effects of localized endometrial Injury on intrauterine insemination outcome. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2013;11(5 Suppl 2):39.

References to studies excluded from this review

Castellacci 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castellacci E, Calzolari S, Cammilli F, Becattini C, Valagusta E. Office hysteroscopy with multiple endometrial biopsies and endometrial brushing improves embryo implantation in spontaneous conception or by assisted reproductive techniques in infertile patients or failed before. Gynecological Surgery 2012;9(1):S65.
Dadras 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dadras N, Parsanezhad ME, Zolghadri J, Younesi M. Effect of endometrial local injury on pregnancy rate in couples with unexplained infertility. Human Reproduction 2012;27(Suppl 2: P-330):ii226-ii247.
IRCT20180731040659N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20180731040659N1. Effect of local scratch of endometrium on the outcome of pregnancy in women with the previous failure of intrauterine insemination. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20180731040659N1. September 2018.
Kara 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kara M, Aran T, Sabah S, Kara Ö, Yilmaz N, Çağlayan EK. Evaluation of endometrial receptivity by measuring HOXA-10, HOXA-11, and LIF expression in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association 2016;17(Suppl 1):S73.
NCT00064935 {published data only}
    1. NCT00064935. Endometrial biopsy in infertile patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00064935. July 2003.
NCT00737984 {published data only}
    1. NCT00737984. Improving the pregnancy rate with endometrial sampling before intrauterine insemination. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00737984. August 2008.
NCT01111799 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01111799. Does local injury of the endometrium improve controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) + intrauterine insemination (IUI) outcome? https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01111799. April 2010.
NCT01132144 {published data only}
    1. NCT01132144. Endometrial injury for assisted reproduction. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01132144. May 2010.
NCT02084914 {published data only}
    1. NCT02084914. Endometrial scratching by pipelle on pregnancy rate in unexplained infertility. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02084914 (accessed 31 October 2015).
New 2017 {published data only}
    1. New E. Pain perception after office hysteroscopy alone vs. hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2017;129(5):52S.
Salama 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Assaf AM, Saad SA, Salama KM, Abdelnaby A, Morsy A. Endometrial injury for unexplained infertility: a randomized case-control study. Full-text manuscript (Word file): http://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=2ahUKE... (accessed 17 September 2019).
    1. NCT02863198. Endometrial injury for unexplained infertility. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02863198?cond=Endometrial+Injury+.... August 2016.
    1. Salama K, Saad S, Assaf A, Morsy A. Endometrial injury for unexplained infertility: a randomised control study. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care 2018;23(Suppl 1):127.
Seyam 2015 {published data only}
    1. Seyam EM, Hassan MM, Mohamed Sayed Gad MT, Mahmoud HS, Ibrahim MG. Pregnancy outcome after office microhysteroscopy in women with unexplained infertility. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility 2015;9(2):168-75. - PMC - PubMed
Shokeir 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT02628756. Endometrial injury in women with unexplained infertility. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02628756?term=Endometrial+Injury+.... December 2015.
    1. Shokeir T, Ebrahim M, El-Mogy H. Hysteroscopic-guided local endometrial injury does not improve natural cycle pregnancy rate in women with unexplained infertility: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2016;42(11):1553-7. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Gibreel 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gibreel A, Badawy A, El-Refai W, El-Adawi N. Endometrial scratching to improve pregnancy rate in couples with unexplained subfertility: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2013;39(3):680-4. - PubMed
    1. NCT02349750. Endometrial scratch injury in women with unexplained infertility undergoing IUI. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02349750?cond=Endometrial+Scratch.... January 2015.
Helmy 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Helmy ME, Maher MA, Elkhouly NI, Ramzy M. A randomized trial of local endometrial injury during ovulation induction cycles. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2017;138(1):47-52. - PubMed
    1. NCT02345837. Effect of local endometrial injury on pregnancy outcomes during ovulation induction cycles. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02345837. January 2015.
NCT02492451 {published data only}
    1. NCT02492451. Endometrial injury versus luteal phase support in intrauterine insemination cycles. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02492451. July 2015.
Parsanezhad 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Parsanezhad ME, Samsami A, Dadras N, Zolghadri J, Neghahban L, Yonesi M. Effect of endometrial local injury on pregnancy rate in unexplained infertile patients undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI). Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2012;10(Suppl. 1):12.

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12614000656639 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000656639. A single-blind, randomised controlled trial assessing the effect of endometrial pipelle biopsy vs. sham biopsy on live birth rate in couples with unexplained infertility. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366422 2014;June.
    1. Lensen S, Martins W, Nastri C, Sadler L, Farquhar C. Pipelle for Pregnancy (PIP): study protocols for three randomised controlled trials. Trials 2016;17(1):216. - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12614000657628 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000657628. A single-blind, randomised controlled trial assessing the effect of endometrial pipelle biopsy vs. sham biopsy on live birth rate in couples with subfertility related to polycystic ovarian syndrome. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366423. June 2014.
    1. Lensen S, Martins W, Nastri C, Sadler L, Farquhar C. Pipelle for Pregnancy (PIP): study protocols for three randomised controlled trials. Trials 2016;17(1):216. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2018/04/013501 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/04/013501. Effect of iatrogenic endometrial injury/scratch on clinical pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination treatment: a randomized control trial. http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=25406&EncHid=&us.... April 2018.
CTRI/2018/05/013970 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/05/013970. Pipelle curetting as a method of endometrial scratching to increase the clinical pregnancy rate. http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=26287&EncHid=&us.... May 2018.
IRCT20160224026750N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20160224026750N2. The effect of endometrial biopsy in increasing pregnancy rates in infertile women under intrauterine insemination treatment. https://www.irct.ir/trial/22078. November 2018.
IRCT201707129014N174 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201707129014N174. The effect of endometrial scratch versus no scratch on pregnancy outcome in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a single blind randomized clinical trial. https://www.irct.ir/trial/9612. July 2017.
IRCT20190409043212N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20190409043212N1. Effect of endometrial scratching on intrauterine insemination outcome in infertile couples in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles. https://www.irct.ir/trial/39917. June 2019.
NCT03398993 {published data only}
    1. NCT03398993. Effect of endometrial injury in couples with unexplained infertility. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03398993. January 2018.
NCT03828786 {published data only}
    1. NCT03828786. Uterine scratching in intra-uterine insemination. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03828786. February 2019.
NTR6687 {published data only}
    1. Bui BN, Torrance HL, Janssen C, Cohlen B, De Bruin JP, Den Hartog JE, et al. Does endometrial scratching increase the rate of spontaneous conception in couples with unexplained infertility and a good prognosis (Hunault > 30%)? Study protocol of the SCRaTCH-OFO trial: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2018;18(1):511. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NTR6687. Does endometrial scratching increase the rate of spontaneous conception in couples with unexplained infertility and a good prognosis (Hunault >30%)? https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6498. August 2017. - PMC - PubMed
PACTR201604001405465 {published data only}
    1. Public title: Role of endometrial scratch in unexplained infertility (RESCUE): a randomized clinical trialScientific title: Randomized controlled trial of endometrial Injury in unexplained infertility. Ongoing study. March 2016. Contact author for more information.

Additional references

ACOG 2019
    1. ACOG Committee Opinion. Infertility workup for the women's health specialist. Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2019;133(6):e377-84. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Almog 2010
    1. Almog B, Shalom-Paz E, Dufort D, Tulandi T. Promoting implantation by local injury to the endometrium. Fertility & Sterility 2010;94(6):2026-9. - PubMed
ASRM 2013
    1. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertility & Sterility 2013;99(1):63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.09.023] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
ASRM 2020
    1. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Evidence-based treatments for couples with unexplained infertility: a guideline. Fertility & Sterility 2020;113(2):305-22. - PubMed
Badawy 2007
    1. Badawy A, Abdel Aal I, Abulatta M. RETRACTED: Clomiphene citrate or letrozole for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a prospective randomized trial. Fertility & Sterility 2007;92(3):849-52. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Badawy 2008a
    1. Badawy A, Elnashar A, Totongy M. RETRACTED: Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors for superovulation in women with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination: a prospective randomized trial. Fertility & Sterility 2008;92(4):1355-9. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Badawy 2008b
    1. Badawy A, Mosbah A, Shady M. RETRACTED: Anastrozole or letrozole for ovulation induction in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a prospective randomized trial. Fertility & Sterility 2008;89(5):1209-12. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Barash 2003
    1. Barash A, Dekel N, Fieldust S, Segal I, Schechtman E, Granot I. Local injury to the endometrium doubles the incidence of successful pregnancies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertility & Sterility 2003;79(6):1317-22. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Barnhart 2014
    1. Barnhart KT. Live birth is the correct outcome for clinical trials evaluating therapy for the infertile couple. Fertility & Sterility 2014;101(5):1205-08. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bates 2011
    1. Bates CK, Caroll N, Potter J. The challenging pelvic examination. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26(6):651-7. - PMC - PubMed
Bordewijk 2020
    1. Bordewijk EM, Wang R, Askie LM, Currin LC, Thornton JG, Wely M, et al. Data integrity of 35 randomised controlled trials in women’ health. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2020;249:72-83. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Braakhekke 2014
    1. Braakhekke M, Kamphuis EI, Dancet EA, Mol F, Veen F, Mol BW. Ongoing pregnancy qualifies best as the primary outcome measure of choice in trials in reproductive medicine: an opinion paper. Fertility & Sterility 2014;101(5):1203-4. - PubMed
Casper 2006
    1. Casper RF, Mitwally MF. Review: aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006;91(3):760-71. - PubMed
Dekel 2014
    1. Dekel N, Gnainsky Y, Granot I, Racicot K, Mor G. The role of inflammation for a successful implantation. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2014;72(2):141-7. - PMC - PubMed
Edwards 2006
    1. Edwards RG. Human implantation: the last barrier in assisted reproduction technologies? Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2006;13(6):887-904. - PubMed
El‐Toukhy 2008
    1. El-Toukhy T, Sunkara SK, Coomarasamy A, Grace J, Khalaf Y. Outpatient hysteroscopy and subsequent IVF cycle outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2008;16(5):712-9. - PubMed
El‐Toukhy 2012
    1. El-Toukhy T, Sunkara S, Khalaf Y. Local endometrial injury and IVF outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2012;25(4):345–54. - PubMed
Eugster 1999
    1. Eugster A, Vingerhoets AJ. Psychological aspects of in vitro fertilization: a review. Social Science & Medicine 1999;48(5):575-89. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ferraretti 2013
    1. Ferraretti AP, Goossens V, Kupka M, Bhattacharya S, Mouzon J, Castilla JA, et al. Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2009: results generated from European registers by ESHRE. Human Reproduction 2013;28(9):2318-31. - PubMed
Gelbaya 2014
    1. Gelbaya TA, Potdar N, Jeve YB, Nardo LG. Definition and epidemiology of unexplained infertility. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2014;69(2):109-15. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gesink Law 2007
    1. Gesink Law DC, Maclehose RF, Longnecker MP. Obesity and time to pregnancy. Human Reproduction 2007;22(2):414-20. - PMC - PubMed
Gnainsky 2010
    1. Gnainsky Y, Granot I, Aldo PB, Barash A, Or Y, Schechtman E, et al. Local injury of the endometrium induces an inflammatory response that promotes successful implantation. Fertility & Sterility 2010;94(6):2030-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.022] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gnoth 2005
    1. Gnoth C, Godehardt E, Frank-Herrmann P, Friol K, Tigges J, Freundl G. Definition and prevalence of subfertility and infertility. Human Reproduction 2005;20(5):1144-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gui 2019
    1. Gui J, Xu W, Yang J, Feng L, Jia J. Impact of local endometrial injury on in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2019;45(1):57-68. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Ko 2016
    1. Ko JKY, Ng EHY. Scratching and IVF: any role? Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;28(3):178-83. - PubMed
Kucukgoz Gulec 2014
    1. Kucukgoz Gulec U, Khatib G, Guzel AB, Akil A, Urunsak IF, Ozgunen FT. The necessity of using tenaculum for endometrial sampling procedure with pipelle: a randomized controlled study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2014;289(2):349-56. - PubMed
Leclair 2011
    1. Leclair CM, Zia JK, Doom CM, Morgan TK, Edelman AB. Pain experienced using two different methods of endometrial biopsy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011;117(3):636-41. - PubMed
Lensen 2017
    1. Lensen S, Farquhar C. Should we trust author correspondence? A case study looking at risk of bias. Global Evidence Summit, Cape Town, South Africa. Abstracts 2017:93-4.
Lensen 2019
    1. Lensen S, Osavlyuk D, Armstrong S, Stadelmann C, Hennes A, Napier E, et al. A randomized trial of endometrial scratching before in vitro fertilization. New England Journal of Medicine 2019;380(4):325-34. - PubMed
Lessey 2011
    1. Lessey BA. Assessment of endometrial receptivity. Fertility & Sterility 2011;96(3):522-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1095] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Li 2009
    1. Li R, Hao G. Local injury to the endometrium: its effect on implantation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;21(3):236–9. - PubMed
Li 2019
    1. Li W, Suke S, Wertaschnigg D, Lensen S, Wang R, Gurrin L, et al. Randomised controlled trials evaluating endometrial scratching: assessment of methodological issues. Human Reproduction 2019;34(12):2372–80. - PubMed
Mahey 2015
    1. Mahey R, Goel T, Gupta M, Kachhawa G, Kriplani A. To evaluate the pregnancy rate after endometrial scratching in couples with unexplained infertility in ovulation induction and IUI cycles. Fertility & Sterility 2015;104(3):e343.
Mohiyiddeen 2015
    1. Mohiyiddeen L, Hardiman A, Fitzgerald C, Hughes E, Mol BWJ, Johnson N, et al. Tubal flushing for subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 5. Art. No: CD003718. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003718.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nahshon 2019
    1. Nahshon CS, Sagi-Dain L, Wiener-Megnazi Z, Dirnfeld M. The impact of intentional endometrial injury on reproductive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 2019;25(1):95-113. - PubMed
Nastri 2012
    1. Nastri CO, Gibreel A, Raine-Fenning N, Maheshwari A, Ferriani RA, Bhattacharya S, et al. Endometrial injury in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. Art. No: CD009517. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009517.pub2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Nastri 2013
    1. Nastri CO, Teixeira DM, Martins WP. Endometrial injury in the menstrual cycle prior to assisted reproduction techniques to improve reproductive outcomes. Gynecological Endocrinology 2013;29(5):401-2. - PubMed
Nastri 2013a
    1. Nastri CO, Ferriani RA, Raine-Fenning N, Martins WP. Endometrial scratching performed in the non-transfer cycle and outcome of assisted reproduction: a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;42(4):375-82. - PubMed
Nastri 2015
    1. Nastri CO, Lensen SF, Gibreel A, Raine-Fenning N, Ferriani RA, Bhattacharya S, et al. Endometrial injury in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No: CD009517. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009517.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Nelson 2006
    1. Nelson HP, Adamson GD. Effective empiric treatment of infertility. Sexuality, Reproduction and Menopause 2006;4(2):48-51. [DOI: ]
Ng 2020
    1. Ng SW, Norwitz GA, Pavlicev M, Tilburgs T, Simón C, Norwitz ER. Endometrial decidualization: the primary driver of pregnancy health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020;21(11):4092. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
NICE 2013
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. NICE guidelines [CG156]. Published February 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156 (accessed 4 July 2020).
Panagiotopoulou 2015
    1. Panagiotopoulou N, Karavolos S, Choudhary M. Endometrial injury prior to assisted reproductive techniques for recurrent implantation failure: a systematic literature review. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2015;193:27-33. - PubMed
Pandian 2015
    1. Pandian Z, Gibreel A, Bhattacharya S. In vitro fertilisation for unexplained subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 11. Art. No: CD003357. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003357.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Philips 2013
    1. Phillips JA, Martins WP, Nastri CO, Raine-Fenning NJ. Difficult embryo transfers or blood on catheter and assisted reproductive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2013;168(2):121-8. - PubMed
Potdar 2012
    1. Potdar N, Gelbaya T, Nardo LG. Endometrial injury to overcome recurrent embryo implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2012;25(6):561–71. - PubMed
Pundir 2014
    1. Pundir J, Pundir V, Omanwa K, Khalaf Y, El-Toukhy T. Hysteroscopy prior to the first IVF cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2014;28(2):151-61. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Santamaria 2016
    1. Santamaria X, Katzorke N, Simón C. Endometrial 'scratching': what the data show. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;28(4):242-9. - PubMed
Say 2006
    1. Say L, Donner A, Gülmezoglu AM, Taljaard M, Piaggio G. The prevalence of stillbirths: a systematic review. Reproductive Health 2006;3:1. [:10.1186/1742-4755-3-1] - PMC - PubMed
Scherer 2018
    1. Scherer RW, Meerpohl JJ, Pfeifer N, Schmucker C, Schwarzer G, Elm E. Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No: MR000005. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000005.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schulz 2002
    1. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Allocation concealment in randomised trials: defending against deciphering. The Lancet 2002;359(9306):614-8. - PubMed
Siristatidis 2014
    1. Siristatidis C, Vrachnis N, Vogiatzi P, Chrelias C, Retamar AQ, Bettocchi S, et al. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms of the beneficial role of endometrial injury in in vitro fertilization outcome. Reproductive Sciences 2014;21(8):955-65. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Stovall 1991
    1. Stovall TG, Ling FW, Morgan PL. A prospective, randomized comparison of the Pipelle endometrial sampling device with the Novak curette. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1991;165(5 Pt 1):1287-90. - PubMed
Sturgeon 2016
    1. Sturgeon JA, Zautra AJ. Social pain and physical pain: shared paths to resilience. Pain Management 2016;6(1):63-74. - PMC - PubMed
Thoma 2013
    1. Thoma ME, McLain AC, Louis JF, King RB, Trumble AC, Sundaram R, et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertility & Sterility 2013;99(5):1324-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.037] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
van Hoogenhuijze 2019
    1. Hoogenhuijze NE, Kasius JC, Broekmans FJM, Bosteels J, Torrance HL. Endometrial scratching prior to IVF; does it help and for whom? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Open 2019;2019(1):1-18. - PMC - PubMed
van Rumste 2014
    1. Rumste MM, Custers IM, Wely M, Koks CA, Weering HG, Beckers NG, et al. IVF with planned single-embryo transfer versus IUI with ovarian stimulation in couples with unexplained subfertility: an economic analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2014;28(3):336-42. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vélez 2014
    1. Vélez MP, Connolly MP, Kadoch IJ, Phillips S, Bissonnette F. Universal coverage of IVF pays off. Human Reproduction 2014;29(6):1313-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu067] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Vitagliano 2018
    1. Vitagliano A, Noventa M, Saccone G, Gizzo S, Vitale SG, Laganà AS, et al. Endometrial scratch injury before intrauterine insemination: is it time to re-evaluate its value? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertility & Sterility 2018;109(1):84-96. - PubMed
Vitagliano 2018a
    1. Vitagliano A, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Saccone G, Valenti G, Sapia F, Kamath MS, et al. Endometrial scratch injury for women with one or more previous failed embryo transfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertility & Sterility 2018;110(4):687-702. - PubMed
Vitagliano 2019
    1. Vitagliano A, Andrisani A, Alviggi C, Vitale SG, Valenti G, Sapia F, et al. Endometrial scratching for infertile women undergoing a first embryo transfer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from randomized controlled trials. Fertility & Sterility 2019;111(4):734-46. - PubMed
Will 2020
    1. Will AJ, Sanchack KE. Endometrial Biopsy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, January 2020, updated 2020 June 28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541135/.
Yun 2004
    1. Yun AJ, Lee PY. Enhanced fertility after diagnostic hysterosalpingography using oil-based contrast agents may be attributable to immunomodulation. American Journal of Roentgenology 2004;183(6):1725-7. - PubMed
Zegers‐Hochschild 2017
    1. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, Dyer S, Racowsky C, Mouzon J, Sokol R, et al. The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care. Human Reproduction 2017;32(9):1786-801. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Zelen 2003
    1. Zelen M. Interim analyses, multiple looks at data, and early stopping. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast Jr RC, Gansler TS, Holland JF, et al, editors(s). Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th edition. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc, 2003.
Zygula 2016
    1. Zygula A, Szymusik I, Grzechocinska B, Marianowski P, Wielgos M. Endometrial injury for women with previous in vitro fertilization failure - does it improve pregnancy rate? Neuroendocrinology Letters 2016;37(6):419-26. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Lensen 2014
    1. Lensen SF, Manders M, Nastri CO, Gibreel A, Martins WP, Farquhar C. Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No: CD011424. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011424] - DOI - PubMed
Lensen 2016
    1. Lensen SF, Manders M, Nastri CO, Gibreel A, Martins WP, Templer GE, Farquhar C. Endometrial injury for pregnancy following sexual intercourse or intrauterine insemination (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 6. Art. No: CD011424. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011424.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data