Enhancing Slow Oscillations and Increasing N3 Sleep Proportion with Supervised, Non-Phase-Locked Pink Noise and Other Non-Standard Auditory Stimulation During NREM Sleep
- PMID: 32765139
- PMCID: PMC7364346
- DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S243204
Enhancing Slow Oscillations and Increasing N3 Sleep Proportion with Supervised, Non-Phase-Locked Pink Noise and Other Non-Standard Auditory Stimulation During NREM Sleep
Abstract
Purpose: In non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 3 sleep (N3), phase-locked pink noise auditory stimulation can amplify slow oscillatory activity (0.5-1 Hz). Open-loop pink noise auditory stimulation can amplify slow oscillatory and delta frequency activity (0.5-4 Hz). We assessed the ability of pink noise and other sounds to elicit delta power, slow oscillatory power, and N3 sleep.
Participants and methods: Participants (n = 8) underwent four consecutive inpatient nights in a within-participants design, starting with a habituation night. A registered polysomnographic technologist live-scored sleep stage and administered stimuli on randomized counterbalanced Enhancing and Disruptive nights, with a preceding Habituation night (night 1) and an intervening Sham night (night 3). A variety of non-phase-locked pink noise stimuli were used on Enhancing night during NREM; on Disruptive night, environmental sounds were used throughout sleep to induce frequent auditory-evoked arousals.
Results: Total sleep time did not differ between conditions. Percentage of N3 was higher in the Enhancing condition, and lower in the Disruptive condition, versus Sham. Standard 0.8 Hz pink noise elicited low-frequency power more effectively than other pink noise, but was not the most effective stimulus. Both pink noise on the "Enhancing" night and sounds intended to Disrupt sleep administered on the "Disruptive" night increased momentary delta and slow-wave activity (ie, during stimulation versus the immediate pre-stimulation period). Disruptive auditory stimulation degraded sleep with frequent arousals and increased next-day vigilance lapses versus Sham despite preserved sleep duration and momentary increases in delta and slow-wave activity.
Conclusion: These findings emphasize sound features of interest in ecologically valid, translational auditory intervention to increase restorative sleep. Preserving sleep continuity should be a primary consideration if auditory stimulation is used to enhance slow-wave activity.
Keywords: delta power; electroencephalographic spectral analysis; neurobehavioral performance; sleep fragmentation; slow oscillation; slow-wave sleep.
© 2020 Schade et al.
Conflict of interest statement
Dr Margeaux M. Schade reports grants, non-financial support from Proactive Life Inc, formerly Mobile Sleep Technologies LLC (DBA SleepSpace)/NSF, during the conduct of the study; grants, non-financial support from Proactive Life Inc/NIH, outside the submitted work. Ms Gina Marie Mathew reports grants from National Science Foundation during the conduct of the study. Dr Daniel M. Roberts reports personal fees from Proactive Life Inc, formerly Mobile Sleep Technologies LLC (DBA SleepSpace), grants from National Institutes of Health, grants from National Science Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Dr Daniel Gartenberg reports personal fees from Proactive Life Inc, formerly Mobile Sleep Technologies LLC (DBA SleepSpace), grants from National Institutes of Health, and grants from National Science Foundation, during the conduct of the study. In addition, Dr Daniel Gartenberg has a patent, 10524661: Sleep Monitoring and Stimulation, issued to Proactive Life Inc. Professor Orfeu Buxton reports grants from Proactive Life Inc, formerly Mobile Sleep Technologies LLC (DBA SleepSpace), during the conduct of the study; grants from Proactive Life Inc, outside the submitted work and Dr. Buxton reports current grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIA, NIMH, NHLBI, NIMHD, NICHD, NIDDK, NCATS, NLM). Dr. Buxton received honoraria/travel support for lectures from Boston University, Boston College, Tufts School of Dental Medicine, and Allstate, and receives an honorarium from the National Sleep Foundation (sleepfoundation.org) for his work as Editor in Chief (designate) of Sleep Health.
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