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Review
. 2020 Jun 19;12(6):1832.
doi: 10.3390/nu12061832.

Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity

Giacomo Caio  1   2 , Lisa Lungaro  3 , Nicola Segata  4 , Matteo Guarino  1 , Giorgio Zoli  3 , Umberto Volta  5 , Roberto De Giorgio  1
Affiliations
Review

Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity

Giacomo Caio et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCG/WS) are the two most frequent conditions belonging to gluten-related disorders (GRDs). Both these diseases are triggered and worsened by gluten proteins ingestion, although other components, such as amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) and fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs), seem to be involved in the NCG/WS onset. Therefore, the only effective treatment to date is the long-life adherence to a strictly gluten-free diet. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the intestinal barrier, a dynamic system comprising various components, which regulate the delicate crosstalk between metabolic, motor, neuroendocrine and immunological functions. Among the elements characterizing the intestinal barrier, the microbiota plays a key role, modulating the gut integrity maintenance, the immune response and the inflammation process, linked to the CD and NCG/WS outbreak. This narrative review addresses the most recent findings on the gut microbiota modulation induced by the gluten-free diet (GFD) in healthy, CD and NCG/WS patients.

Keywords: celiac disease; gluten related disorders; gluten-free diet; gut dysbiosis; leaky gut; microbiome; microbiota; non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of gluten-free diet (GFD) on the abundance of the bacterial populations in healthy patients. * In a low-gluten containing diet.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of gluten-free diet (GFD) on the abundance of bacterial populations in Celiac disease (CD) patients. * In CD patients with persisting gastrointestinal symptoms; ** In CD patients with no active disease.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of GFD on the abundance of bacterial populations in non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCG/WS) patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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