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Review
. 2021 Jan 4;11(1):a038562.
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038562.

Canine and Feline Influenza

Brian R Wasik  1 , Ian E H Voorhees  1 , Colin R Parrish  1
Affiliations
Review

Canine and Feline Influenza

Brian R Wasik et al. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. .

Abstract

Influenza virus infections of carnivores-primarily in dogs and in large and small cats-have been repeatedly observed to be caused by a number of direct spillovers of avian viruses or in infections by human or swine viruses. In addition, there have also been prolonged epizootics of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in dogs starting around 1999, of an H3N2 avian influenza virus in domestic dog populations in Asia and in the United States that started around 2004, and an outbreak of an avian H7N2 influenza virus among cats in an animal shelter in the United States in 2016. The impact of influenza viruses in domesticated companion animals and their zoonotic or panzootic potential poses significant questions for veterinary and human health.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Timeline of major canine outbreaks as well as canine and feline spillover events since 1999. Outbreaks of equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 in dogs have been sustained in dog populations, with a major contraction (or possible resolution) of H3N8. Major spillover subtypes include H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H7N2, and H1N1pdm. Dog-to-cat cross-species transmissions have been observed with canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 in Korea.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Evolutionary relationships among the hemagglutinins (HAs) of the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) since the emergence of that virus in dogs. All available HA sequences were used in the analysis and were outgroup-rooted on a 2002 H3N8 equine influenza virus HA sequence (strain A/equine/Kentucky/5/2002). Phylogenetic relationships were determined using the maximum likelihood (ML) method available in PhyML (Guindon and Gascuel 2003), using a general time-reversible (GTR) substitution model, gamma-distrusted (Γ) rate variation among sites, and bootstrap resampling (100 replicates). Diamonds at nodes indicate bootstrap support in ≥70 out of 100 replicates. Regional lineages were seen to develop in Colorado (blue) and in New York (red) and nearby states in the United States, as well as a sublineage that arose around Philadelphia (green) between 2007 and 2010.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Evolutionary relationships among H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) in China, Korea, and the United States, showing how the viruses spread among the different regions. An analysis of available full genome sequences, in which the eight genome segment open reading frames are concatenated. The tree is outgroup-rooted on the earliest available H3N2 CIV sequence in the database (A/canine/Guangdong/1/2006). Just eight of 149 genome sequences contained reassortant viruses, as determined by RDP4 analysis (Martin et al. 2015), and were removed before analysis. Phylogenetic relationships were determined using the maximum likelihood (ML) method available in PhyML (Guindon and Gascuel 2003), using a general time-reversible (GTR) substitution model, gamma-distrusted (Γ) rate variation among sites, and bootstrap resampling (100 replicates). Diamonds at nodes indicate bootstrap support in ≥70 of 100 replicates. Colors indicate countries of origin from Korea (blue), China (green), or the United States (red). An analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) segment sequences (inset) available for 2017–2019 isolates of H3N2 CIV show the close relationships between those viruses in the United States and China.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
H7N2 influenza in cats from 2016 New York outbreak. (A) Phylogenetic tree of influenza A viral hemagglutinin (HA) showing that feline H7N2 is closely related to avian lineages circulating in the United States. (B) Tissue culture replication of outbreak H7N2 (against comparative avian lineage) shows greater titers in mammalian cells. Virus titer (Log10PFU/mL) at hours postinfection. (C) Immunohistochemistry of nucleoprotein (NP) in sections of intranasally infected cats. Viral antigen suggests greater pervasive feline respiratory infection with outbreak H7N2 isolate. (A, Reproduced from Hatta et al. 2018, courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
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