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Review
. 2019 May 18;9(11):3170-3190.
doi: 10.7150/thno.31847. eCollection 2019.

Polyphenol-Based Particles for Theranostics

Qiong Dai  1 , Huimin Geng  1 , Qun Yu  1 , Jingcheng Hao  1 , Jiwei Cui  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Polyphenol-Based Particles for Theranostics

Qiong Dai et al. Theranostics. .

Abstract

Polyphenols, due to their high biocompatibility and wide occurrence in nature, have attracted increasing attention in the engineering of functional materials ranging from films, particles, to bulk hydrogels. Colloidal particles, such as nanogels, hollow capsules, mesoporous particles and core-shell structures, have been fabricated from polyphenols or their derivatives with a series of polymeric or biomolecular compounds through various covalent and non-covalent interactions. These particles can be designed with specific properties or functionalities, including multi-responsiveness, radical scavenging capabilities, and targeting abilities. Moreover, a range of cargos (e.g., imaging agents, anticancer drugs, therapeutic peptides or proteins, and nucleic acid fragments) can be incorporated into these particles. These cargo-loaded carriers have shown their advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially of cancer. In this review, we summarize the assembly of polyphenol-based particles, including polydopamine (PDA) particles, metal-phenolic network (MPN)-based particles, and polymer-phenol particles, and their potential biomedical applications in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Keywords: diagnosis; drug delivery; metal-phenolic networks; polydopamine particles; self-assembly.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The design of polyphenol-based particles for diagnosis and therapy of cancer and many other diseases. (Abbreviations: PDA, polydopamine; MPN, metal-phenolic networks; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PTT, photothermal therapy; MTT, microwave thermal therapy; MR, magnetic resonance; PA, photoacoustic imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; CT, X-ray computed tomography.)
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Schematics showing the formation of melanin-like PDA particles loaded with anti-cancer drugs (doxorubicin, DOX and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, SN38). (B) Triggered-drug release by near-infrared light, pH, or ROS from PDA particles for cancer therapy. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2015 Elsevier.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Schematic illustration of the preparation of DOX-loaded HES-PDA and PEG-PDA nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy. (B) Photographs of PDA, HES-PDA and PEG-PDA nanoparticles suspended in H2O, PBS, DMEM, and 20% FBS for 24 h. (C) Ex vivo fluorescence images of tumor, kidney, lung, spleen, liver, and heart showing the distribution of DOX (24 h post-injection). Adapted with permission . Copyright 2018 Elsevier.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) The design of Dox- and Btz-loaded PDA-coated nanoparticles. (B) Schematic illustration of the PDA-coated nanoparticles for dual drug delivery and photothermal therapy. (C) Antitumor activities of drug formulations in a xenograft model of human breast cancer in BALB/c athymic nude mice. (D) IR thermographic images of tumors after laser irradiation for 8 min. Adapted with permission . Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) Schematic illustration of the assembly of DOX-PDA-gossypol nanoparticles. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (B) Schematic illustration of the preparation of aggressive man-made RBCs for cancer therapy. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Schematic illustration of the assembly of MPN capsules; (B) Differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) images of MPN capsules prepared from TA and different metal ions. Insets are photographs of MPN capsule suspensions. Scale bars are 5 μm. (A,B) are adapted with permission . Copyright 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (C) Molecular structures of some flavonoids: myricetin from green tea, quercetin from onion, fisetin from strawberry, and luteolin from celery. Adapted with permission . Copyright the Royal Society of Chemistry 2017. (D) Structures of GA, PG, PC and DIC images of MPN capsules prepared from related phenols and FeIII. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic representation of the fabrication of DOX-loaded MPN capsules and release mechanism of DOX from MPN capsules. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(A) Illustration of the coordination of FeIII by EGCG followed by ROS (e.g., H2O2) scavenging, FeIII reduction and the formation of benzoquinone species. (B) In vitro cumulative release of DOX from DOX-loaded FeIII-EGCG capsules at pH 7.4 with varying H2O2 concentrations (0-1 mM). Adapted with permission . Copyright the Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(A) Schematic illustration of the assembly of GdIII-TA coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with DOX and gold nanoparticles. (B) Relative tumor volume of different groups after treatment with different materials. (C) In vivo CT imaging before (c1) and after (c2) the injection of the GdIII-TA coated nanoparticles. (D) In vivo photothermal imaging after subcutaneous injection of the nanoparticles at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 180 s intervals at the tumor site (d1) or at the normal tissue (d2). Adapted with permission . Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Figure 10
Figure 10
(A) Schematic representation of the PtP NP self-assembly process. (B) Tumor volume of luciferase-expressing PC3 cells treated with different groups at the same Pt dose. (C) In vivo luminescence images of mice bearing luciferase PC3 cell xenograft tumors post 10 d treatment with different groups. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schematic illustration of the formulation and cancer theranostics mechanism of the nanoparticles. (A) The self-assembly process of GPDPA NPs with mild acidic pH/NIR light-sensitive properties. (B) The molecular structures of building blocks used for GPDPA NP assembly. (C) The multimodal imaging-guided chemo-photothermal combination therapy of GPDPA NPs with NIR irradiation. Adapted with permission . Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019.
Figure 12
Figure 12
(A) Schematic representation of the assembly of BCMs in response to mannitol and/or acidic pH. (B) Continuous dynamic light scattering measurements of the non-cross-linked micelles (NCMs) and BCMs in SDS with the addition of mannitol or adjusting the pH to 5.0 at 120 min (shown by the arrow). (C) PTX release profiles of BCMs and NCMs in response to diols (mannitol and glucose) and/or pH 5.0. Adapted with permission . Copyright 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(A) Schematic illustration demonstrating the formation of protein-TA nanoparticles and the potential heart-targeting mechanisms. (B) Pharmacokinetics of pure GFP and GFP-TA nanoparticles in the blood stream after intravenous injection. The blue arrow and dashed vertical line indicate the onset time for heart accumulation 6 h after injection. (C) Heart accumulation of TA-GFP nanoparticles as a function of time (1.5, 6, 48 and 120 h). Adapted with permission . Copyright 2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature.
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