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. 2018 Aug 30;17(1):117.
doi: 10.1186/s12938-018-0549-6.

Solving the general inter-ring distances optimization problem for concentric ring electrodes to improve Laplacian estimation

Oleksandr Makeyev  1
Affiliations

Solving the general inter-ring distances optimization problem for concentric ring electrodes to improve Laplacian estimation

Oleksandr Makeyev. Biomed Eng Online. .

Abstract

Background: Superiority of noninvasive tripolar concentric ring electrodes over conventional disc electrodes in accuracy of surface Laplacian estimation has been demonstrated in a range of electrophysiological measurement applications. Recently, a general approach to Laplacian estimation for an (n + 1)-polar electrode with n rings using the (4n + 1)-point method has been proposed and used to introduce novel multipolar and variable inter-ring distances electrode configurations. While only linearly increasing and linearly decreasing inter-ring distances have been considered previously, this paper defines and solves the general inter-ring distances optimization problem for the (4n + 1)-point method.

Results: General inter-ring distances optimization problem is solved for tripolar (n = 2) and quadripolar (n = 3) concentric ring electrode configurations through minimizing the truncation error of Laplacian estimation. For tripolar configuration with middle ring radius αr and outer ring radius r the optimal range of values for α was determined to be 0 < α ≤ 0.22 while for quadripolar configuration with an additional middle ring with radius βr the optimal range of values for α and β was determined by inequalities 0 < α < β < 1 and αβ ≤ 0.21. Finite element method modeling and full factorial analysis of variance were used to confirm statistical significance of Laplacian estimation accuracy improvement due to optimization of inter-ring distances (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: Obtained results suggest the potential of using optimization of inter-ring distances to improve the accuracy of surface Laplacian estimation via concentric ring electrodes. Identical approach can be applied to solving corresponding inter-ring distances optimization problems for electrode configurations with higher numbers of concentric rings. Solutions of the proposed inter-ring distances optimization problem define the class of the optimized inter-ring distances electrode designs. These designs may result in improved noninvasive sensors for measurement systems that use concentric ring electrodes to acquire electrical signals such as from the brain, intestines, heart or uterus for diagnostic purposes.

Keywords: Concentric ring electrodes; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Finite element method; Inter-ring distances; Laplacian; Modeling; Optimization; Wearable sensors.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Conventional disc electrode (a) and tripolar concentric ring electrode (b)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Regular plane square grid with inter-point distances equal to r
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
TCRE (a) and QCRE (b) configuration setup
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Relationship between the absolute values of truncation term coefficients and middle ring radius coefficient α for the TCRE configuration along with the 5th percentile boundary value α = 0.22
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Absolute values of truncation term coefficients for the first and the second middle ring radii coefficients α and β and truncation term order k equal to 8 for the QCRE configuration
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Absolute values of truncation term coefficients within the 5th percentile (gray) along with the boundary (black) separating them from the values outside of the 5th percentile for the first and the second middle ring radii coefficients α and β
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Absolute values of truncation term coefficients with rectangular hyperbola model (m = 0.21) fitted to the data points
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Relative (top panel) and Maximum (bottom panel) Errors for seven Laplacian estimates corresponding to bipolar CRE, TCRE, and QCRE configurations
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