Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2015 Sep 29;2015(9):CD004072.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004072.pub3.

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Alice Rumbold  1 , Erika Ota, Chie Nagata, Sadequa Shahrook, Caroline A Crowther
Affiliations
Review

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Alice Rumbold et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Vitamin C supplementation may help reduce the risk of pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and maternal anaemia. There is a need to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation, alone or in combination with other separate supplements on pregnancy outcomes, adverse events, side effects and use of health resources.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 March 2015) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

Selection criteria: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials evaluating vitamin C supplementation in pregnant women. Interventions using a multivitamin supplement containing vitamin C or where the primary supplement was iron were excluded.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy.

Main results: Twenty-nine trials involving 24,300 women are included in this review. Overall, 11 trials were judged to be of low risk of bias, eight were high risk of bias and for 10 trials it was unclear. No clear differences were seen between women supplemented with vitamin C alone or in combination with other supplements compared with placebo or no control for the risk of stillbirth (risk ratio (RR) 1.15, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.89 to 1.49; 20,038 participants; 11 studies; I² = 0%; moderate quality evidence), neonatal death (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.08; 19,575 participants; 11 studies; I² = 0%), perinatal death (average RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.49; 17,105 participants; seven studies; I² = 35%), birthweight (mean difference (MD) 26.88 g, 95% CI -18.81 to 72.58; 17,326 participants; 13 studies; I² = 69%), intrauterine growth restriction (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.06; 20,361 participants; 12 studies; I² = 15%; high quality evidence), preterm birth (average RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.10; 22,250 participants; 16 studies; I² = 49%; high quality evidence), preterm PROM (prelabour rupture of membranes) (average RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.36; 16,825 participants; 10 studies; I² = 70%; low quality evidence), term PROM (average RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.62 to 2.56; 2674 participants; three studies; I² = 87%), and clinical pre-eclampsia (average RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.05; 21,956 participants; 16 studies; I² = 41%; high quality evidence).Women supplemented with vitamin C alone or in combination with other supplements compared with placebo or no control were at decreased risk of having a placental abruption (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.92; 15,755 participants; eight studies; I² = 0%; high quality evidence) and had a small increase in gestational age at birth (MD 0.31, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.61; 14,062 participants; nine studies; I² = 65%), however they were also more likely to self-report abdominal pain (RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.37; 1877 participants; one study). In the subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement, vitamin C supplementation alone was associated with a reduced risk of preterm PROM (average RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.91; 1282 participants; five studies; I² = 0%) and term PROM (average RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.94; 170 participants; one study). Conversely, the risk of term PROM was increased when supplementation included vitamin C and vitamin E (average RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.23; 3060 participants; two studies; I² = 0%). There were no differences in the effects of vitamin C on other outcomes in the subgroup analyses examining the type of supplement. There were no differing patterns in other subgroups of women based on underlying risk of pregnancy complications, timing of commencement of supplementation or dietary intake of vitamin C prior to trial entry. The GRADE quality of the evidence was high for intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, and placental abruption, moderate for stillbirth and clinical pre-eclampsia, low for preterm PROM.

Authors' conclusions: The data do not support routine vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements for the prevention of fetal or neonatal death, poor fetal growth, preterm birth or pre-eclampsia. Further research is required to elucidate the possible role of vitamin C in the prevention of placental abruption and prelabour rupture of membranes. There was no convincing evidence that vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements results in other important benefits or harms.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Caroline Crowther and Alice Rumbold are Investigators on one of the included trials (Rumbold 2006). Decision about inclusion of these trials were made by other authors.

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), outcome: 1.8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), outcome: 1.1 Stillbirth.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), outcome: 1.2 Neonatal death.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), outcome: 1.18 Birthweight.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 5 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 7 Term prelabour rupture of membranes.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 9 Maternal death (up to 6 weeks' pospartum).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 10 Bleeding episodes.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 11 Serious maternal morbidity.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 12 Elective birth and caesarean section.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 16 Infant death.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 17 Gestational age at birth.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 18 Birthweight.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 19 Congenital malformations.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 20 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 21 Jaundice requiring phototherapy.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 22 Respiratory distress syndrome.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 23 Chronic lung disease.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 24 Periventricular haemorrhage.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 25 Periventricular leukomalacia.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 26 Bacterial sepsis.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 27 Necrotising enterocolitis.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 28 Retinopathy of prematurity.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 29 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 30 Side effects of vitamin C supplementation.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 31 Use of health service resources ‐ maternal.
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements (all trials), Outcome 32 Use of health service resources ‐ infant.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 5 Preterm birth.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 7 Term prelabour of rupture of membranes.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Vitamin C supplementation (sensitivity analyses based on trial quality), Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 5 Preterm birth.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 7 Term prelabour rupture of membranes.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on gestation at trial entry), Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 5 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 7 Term prelabour rupture of membranes.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analysed based on dietary intake at trial entry), Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 5 Preterm birth.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 7 Term prelabour rupture of membranes.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on the type of supplement), Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 1 Stillbirth.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 3 Perinatal death.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 4 Intrauterine growth restriction.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 5 Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation).
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 6 Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 7 Term prelabour rupture of membranes.
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Vitamin C supplementation (subgroup analyses based on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes)., Outcome 8 Clinical pre‐eclampsia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Beazley 2005 {published data only}
    1. Beazley D, Ahokas R, Livingston J, Griggs M, Scroggs M, Sibai B. Effects of vitamin c and e supplementation on total antioxidant status (tas) and 8‐isoprostane (ip) levels in women at high risk for preeclampsia [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(6 Pt 2):S76. - PubMed
    1. Beazley D, Ahokas R, Livingston J, Griggs M, Sibai BM. Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at high risk for preeclampsia: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005; Vol. 192:520‐1. - PubMed
    1. Beazley D, Livingston J, Kao L, Sibai B. Vitamin c and e supplementation in women at high risk for preeclampsia: a double‐blind placebo controlled trial [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(6 Pt 2):S216. - PubMed
Borna 2005 {published data only}
    1. Borna S, Borna H, Daneshbodie B. Vitamins C and E in the latency period in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005; Vol. 90:16‐20. - PubMed
Casanueva 2005 {published data only}
    1. Casanueva E, Angulo ME, Goidberg S, Pfeffer F, Meza‐Camacho C, Vadillo‐Ortega F, et al. Bases to determine the dose of vitamin C in pregnancy [Bases para estimar las necesidades de vitamina C en la gestacion]. Gaceta Medica de Mexico 2005; Vol. 141, issue 4:273‐7. - PubMed
    1. Casanueva E, Ripoll C, Tolentino M, Morales RM, Pfeffer F, Vilchis P, et al. Vitamin C supplementation to prevent premature rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes: a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005; Vol. 81, issue 4:859‐63. - PubMed
Chappell 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chappell L, Seed P, Briley A, Kelly F, Lee R, Hunt B, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:810‐6. - PubMed
    1. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnock‐Jones DS, et al. Vitamin c and e supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(3):777‐84. - PubMed
Ghomian 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ghomian N, Hafizi L, Takhti Z. The role of vitamin C in prevention of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2013;15(2):113‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Gulmezoglu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Oosthuisen MM. Placental malondialdehyde and glutathione levels in a controlled trial of antioxidant treatment in severe preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy 1996;15(3):287‐95.
    1. Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Oosthuisen MMJ. Antioxidants in the treatment of severe pre‐eclampsia: an explanatory randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;104:689‐96. - PubMed
Gungorduk 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gungorduk K, Asicioglu O, Gungorduk OC, Yildirim G, Besimoglu B, Ark C. Does vitamin c and vitamin e supplementation prolong the latency period before delivery following the preterm premature rupture of membranes? a randomized controlled study. American Journal of Perinatology 2014;31(3):195‐202. - PubMed
Hammar 1987 {published data only}
    1. Hammar M, Berg G, Solheim F, Larsson L. Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women. A comparison between treatment with calcium and vitamin C in pregnant women with leg cramps. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 1987;57:179‐83. - PubMed
Hankin 1966 {published data only}
    1. Hankin ME, Cellier KM. Studies of nutrition in pregnancy. V. Ascorbic acid levels of blood and milk in pregnancy and in lactation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1966;6:153‐60. - PubMed
Hans 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hans U, Edward B. Regular vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy reduces hospitalization: outcomes of a Ugandan rural cohort study. Pan African Medical Journal 2010;5:15. - PMC - PubMed
Huria 2010 {published data only}
    1. Huria A, Gupta P, Kumar D, Sharma MK. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation in pregnant women at risk for pre eclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Internet Journal of Health 2010; Vol. 10, issue 2.
Kalpdev 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kalpdev A, Saha SC, Dhawan V. Vitamin C and e supplementation does not reduce the risk of superimposed PE in pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2011;30(4):447‐56. - PubMed
Kiondo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kiondo P, Wamuyu‐Maina G, Wandabwa J, Bimenya GS, Tumwesigye NM, Okong P. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on pre‐eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14(1):283. - PMC - PubMed
McCance 2010 {published data only}
    1. Holmes V, Young I, Maresh M, Pearson D, Walker J, McCance D, et al. The diabetes and pre‐eclampsia intervention trial (DAPIT) [abstract]. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2004;23(Suppl 1):68. - PubMed
    1. Holmes VA, Young IS, Maresh MJA, Pearson DWM, Walker JD, McCance DR, et al. The diabetes and pre‐eclampsia intervention trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2004; Vol. 87:66‐71. - PubMed
    1. Holmes VA, Young IS, Patterson CC, Pearson DWM, Walker JD, Maresh MJA, et al. Optimal glycemic control, pre‐eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in women with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes and Pre‐Eclampsia Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34(8):1683‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johnston PC, Powell LA, McCance DR, Pogue K, McMaster C, Gilchrist S, et al. Placental protein tyrosine nitration and MAPK in type 1 diabetic pre‐eclampsia: Impact of antioxidant vitamin supplementation. Journal of Diabetes & its Complications 2013;27(4):322‐7. - PubMed
    1. McCance DR, Holmes VA, Maresh MJ, Patterson CC, Walker JD, Pearson DW, et al. Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre‐eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376(9737):259‐66. - PMC - PubMed
McEvoy 2014 {published data only}
    1. McEvoy CT. Daily vitamin C in pregnant smoking women decrease wheezing in their offspring through one year of age: randomized trial and interaction with maternal nicotinic receptor ploymorphisms. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; 2013 May 4‐7; Washington DC, USA. 2013.
    1. McEvoy CT. Evaluating the effects of supplemental vitamin C on infant lung function in pregnant smoking women. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 9 April 2008) 2008.
    1. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, Jackson K, Go MD, Spitale P, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311(20):2074‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Nasrolahi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nasrolahi Sh, Alimohammady Sh, Zamani M. The effect of antioxidants (vitamin E and C) on preeclampsia in primiparous women. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 2006; Vol. 8, issue 1:17‐21.
Ochoa‐Brust 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ochoa‐Brust GJ, Fernandez AR, Villanueva‐Ruiz GJ, Velasco R, Trujillo‐Hernandez B, Vasquez C. Daily intake of 100 mg ascorbic acid as urinary tract infection prophylactic agent during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2007; Vol. 86, issue 7:783‐7. - PubMed
Poston 2006 {published data only}
    1. Duckworth S, Shennan A, Chappell L, Seed P, Briley A. Effect of antioxidant supplementation on pre‐labour rupture of the membranes. Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2011;96:Fa75‐6.
    1. Greenough A, Shaheen S, Shennan A, Seed P. Respiratory outcome in childhood of maternal vitamin C and E supplementation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009;179:A5975.
    1. Greenough A, Shaheen SO, Shennan A, Seed PT, Poston L. Respiratory outcomes in early childhood following antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation. Thorax 2010;65(11):998‐1003. - PubMed
    1. Manning L, Briley A, Poston L, Chappell L, Shennan A. Supplementation with vitamins C and E in pregnancy and liver function [abstract]. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007; Vol. 114, issue 8:1038.
    1. Poston L, Briley AL, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Shennan AH, for the Vitamins in Pre‐eclampsia (VIP) Trial Consortium. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre‐eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2006; Vol. 367, issue 9517:1145‐54. - PubMed
Pressman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Pressman EK, Cavanaugh JL, Mingione M, Norkus EP, Woods JR. Effects of maternal antioxidant supplementation on maternal and fetal antioxidant levels: a randomized, double‐blind study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189:1720‐5. - PubMed
Rivas 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rivas‐Echeverria CA, Echeverria Y, Molina L, Novoa D. Synergic use of aspirin, fish oil and vitamins C and E for the prevention of preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2000;19(Suppl 1):30.
Roberts 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gandley R, Abramovici A. Prenatal vitamin C and e supplementation is associated with a reduction in placental abruption and preterm birth in smokers. Pregnancy Hypertension 2012;2(3):331‐2. - PubMed
    1. Hauth J, for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Units Network. Vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent preterm premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009; Vol. 201, issue 6 Suppl 1:S175‐6.
    1. Hauth JC. Maternal insulin resistance and preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;204(1 Suppl):S12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hauth JC, Clifton RG, Roberts JM, Myatt L, Spong CY, Leveno KJ, et al. Maternal insulin resistance and preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(4):327.e1‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hauth JC, Clifton RG, Roberts JM, Spong CY, Myatt L, Leveno KJ, et al. Vitamin C and E supplementation to prevent spontaneous preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2010;116(3):653‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Rumbold 2006 {published data only}
    1. Crowther CA, Dekker G, Haslam R, Robinson J. Australian Collaborative Trial of Supplements with vitamin C and vitamin E for the prevention of pre‐eclampsia: a randomised controlled trial. www.adelaide.edu.au/health/og/research/mpctu.html#acts (accessed 1 September 2004).
    1. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS. Australian collaborative trial of supplements (ACTS) with vitamin C and E for the prevention of pre‐eclampsia ‐ a randomised controlled trial. Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand 10th Annual Congress; 2006 April 3‐6; Perth, Australia. 2006:180.
    1. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS, for the ACTS Study Group. Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. New England Journal of Medicine 2006; Vol. 354, issue 17:1796‐806. - PubMed
Sikkema 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sikkema J, Franx A, Bruinse H. A double blinded randomised trial on the effect of a single dose of vitamin c on endothelium dependent vasodilatation in preeclampsia [abstract]. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2002;21(Suppl 1):46.
Spinnato 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sibai BM, Koch MA, Freire S, Pinto e Silva JL, Rudge MV, Martins‐Costa S, et al. The impact of prior preeclampsia on the risk of superimposed preeclampsia and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with chronic hypertension. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(4):345.e1‐6. - PubMed
    1. Spinnato II J, Freire S, Pinto e Silva JLP, Rudge M, Martins‐Costa S, Koch M, et al. Antioxidant therapy and PROM. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; Vol. 197, issue 6 Suppl 1:S196, Abstract no: 685.
    1. Spinnato II JA, Freire S, Pinto e Silva JL, Rudge MV, Martins‐Costa S, Koch MA, et al. Antioxidant supplementation and premature rupture of the membranes: a planned secondary analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008; Vol. 199, issue 4:433.e1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Spinnato JA 2nd, Freire S, Pinto E Silva JL, Cunha Rudge MV, Martins‐Costa S, Koch MA, et al. Antioxidant therapy to prevent preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;110(6):1311‐8. - PubMed
Steyn 2003 {published data only}
    1. Schoeman J, Steyn PS, Odendaal HJ, Grove D. Bacterial vaginosis diagnosed at the first antenatal visit better predicts preterm labour than diagnosis later in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005; Vol. 25, issue 8:751‐3. - PubMed
    1. Steyn P, Odendaal H, Schoeman J, Grove D. Vitamin c, pre‐eclampsia and preterm labour: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind trial [abstract]. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2002;21(Suppl 1):43.
    1. Steyn PS, Odendaal HJ, Schoeman J, Stander C, Fanie N, Grove D. A randomised, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of ascorbic acid supplementation for the prevention of preterm labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003;23(2):150‐5. - PubMed
Villar 2009 {published data only}
    1. Villar J, Purwar M, Merialdi M, Zavaleta N, Ngoc N, Anthony J, et al. Effect of vitamin C & E supplementation of pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia plus low nutritional status: the WHO trial. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2008; Vol. 27, issue 4:501.
    1. Villar J, Purwar M, Merialdi M, Zavaleta N, Thi Nhu Ngoc N, Anthony J, et al. World Health Organisation multicentre randomised trial of supplementation with vitamins C and E among pregnant women at high risk for pre‐eclampsia in populations of low nutritional status from developing countries. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2009; Vol. 116, issue 6:780‐8. - PubMed
    1. Villar J, Purwar M, Merialdi M, Zavaleta N, Tien NN, Anthony J. WHO randomized trial of vitamin C and E supplementation among women at high risk for preeclampsia and nutritional deficiency. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; Vol. 197, issue 6 Suppl 1:S4, Abstract no: 8.
Xu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fraser W, Xiong X, Poston L, Shennan A. Bi‐national randomized controlled trial of vitamin c and e supplementation of pregnancy [abstract]. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2002;21(Suppl 1):43.
    1. Fraser WD. International trial of antioxidant for the prevention of preeclampsia. Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled‐trials.com/mrct) (accessed 29 November 2005) 2005.
    1. Xu H, Perez‐Cuevas R, Xiong X, Reyes H, Julien P, Smith G, et al. A international trials of vitamins C and E in the prevention of preeclampsia (INTAPP trial). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009; Vol. 201, issue 6 Suppl 1:S2. - PubMed
    1. Xu H, Perez‐Cuevas R, Xiong X, Reyes H, Roy C, Julien P, et al. An international trial of antioxidants in the prevention of preeclampsia (INTAPP). American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010; Vol. 202, issue 3:239.e1‐239.e10. - PubMed
Zamani 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zamani M, Goodarzi MT, Lavasani NS, Khosravi A. Effects of ascorbic acid on serum level of unconjugated estriol and its relationship with preterm premature rupture of membrane: A double‐blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2013;38(3):227‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Zodzika 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zodzika J, Rezeberga D, Donders G, Vedmedovska N, Vasina O, Pundure I, et al. Impact of vaginal ascorbic acid on abnormal vaginal microflora. Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2013;288(5):1039‐44. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Bolisetty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bolisetty S, Naidoo D, Lui K, Koh TH, Watson D, Whitehall J. Antenatal supplementation of antioxidant vitamins to reduce the oxidative stress at delivery ‐ a pilot study. Early Human Development 2002;67:47‐53. - PubMed
Clarke 2004 {published data only}
    1. Clarke PA. Effect of maternal vitamin C supplementation on plasma vitamin C levels in preterm infants during the early neonatal period. Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled‐trials.com/mrct) (accessed 15 September 2004) 2004.
Eskeland 1997 {published data only}
    1. Eskeland B, Malterud K, Ulvik RJ, Hunskaar S. Iron supplementation in pregnancy: is less enough?. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1997;76:822‐8. - PubMed
Ferruti 1982 {published data only}
    1. Ferruti MM, Speranza R. Use of the combination of adrenal cortex extract, pyriodoxal‐5‐phosphate, cyanocobalamin and asocrbic acid in the treatment of hypocorticism in pregnancy [Sulla utilita dell 'associazione di estratto corticosurrenale piridossal‐5‐fosfato, cianocobalamina e acido ascorbico nel trattemento degli stati di ipocorticalismo in gravidanza]. Minerva Ginecologica 1982;34(7‐8):619‐23. - PubMed
Gomez 1969 {published data only}
    1. Gomez G, Gomez J. Anaemia in general practice: controlled‐release ferrous sulphate and vitamin C compared with ferrous sulphate BP. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1969;23(10):421‐4. - PubMed
Hosokawa 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hosokawa K. Studies on anemia in pregnant women: therapeutic efficacy of iron monotherapy vs. combination therapy with iron and vitamin C [Nimpu Hinketsu ni Kansuru Kenkyu: Tetsuzai Tandoku Narabini Tetsuzai to Bitamin C Heiyo Ryoho no Chiryo Koka ni Tsuite]. Rinsho to Kenkyu (The Japanese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) 1989; Vol. 66, issue 10:3329‐35.
Kuizon 1979 {published data only}
    1. Kuizon MD, Platon TP, Ancheta LP, Angeles JC, Nunez CB, Macapinlac MP. Iron supplementation studies among pregnant women. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1979; Vol. 10, issue 4:520‐7. - PubMed
Lekakis 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lekakis JP, Anastasiou EA, Papamichael CM, Stamatelopoulos KS, Dagre AG, Alevizaki MC, et al. Short‐term oral ascorbic acid improves endothelium dependent vasodilation in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2000;23(9):1432‐3. - PubMed
Mathan 1979 {published data only}
    1. Mathan BVI, Baker SH, Sood SK, Ramachandran K, Ramalingaswami V. WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India. The effects of ascorbic acid and protein supplementation on the response of pregnant women to iron, pteroyglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin therapy. British Journal of Nutrition 1979;42:391‐8. - PubMed
Moldenhauer 2002 {published data only}
    1. Moldenhauer J, Guo S, Liang R, Prada J. Dietary intake levels of the antioxidants vitamin c and vitamin e are adequately achieved with standard prenatal vitamin supplementation in high risk pregnancy groups [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187(6 Pt 2):S99.
Odendaal 2002 {published data only}
    1. Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J, Smith M, Grove D. Preterm labour‐‐is bacterial vaginosis involved?. South African Medical Journal 2002;92:231‐4. - PubMed
Ogunbode 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ogunbode O, Otubo JAM, Akeredolu OO, Akintunde EA, Olatunji PO, Jolayemi ET. The effect of chemiron capsules on maternal and fetal hematologic indices, including birth weight. Current Therapeutic Research 1992;51(4):634‐47.
Sezikawa 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sezikawa A. Antioxidant supplementation in pregnant women with low antioxidant status. ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 21 June 2007) 2007.
Sneed 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sneed SM, Zane C, Thomas MR. The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:1338‐46. - PubMed
Viegas 1982 {published data only}
    1. Viegas OAC, Scott PH, Cole TJ, Eaton P, Needham PG, Wharton BA. Dietary protein energy supplementation of pregnant Asian mothers at Sorrento, Birmingham. II: selective during third trimester only. British Medical Journal 1982;285:592‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Viegas OAC, Scott PH, Cole TJ, Mansfield HN, Wharton P, Wharton BA. Dietary protein energy supplementation of pregnant Asian mothers at Sorrento, Birmingham. I: unselective during second and third trimesters. British Medical Journal 1982;285:589‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Wijaya‐Erhardt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wijaya‐Erhardt M, Muslimatun S, Erhardt G. Effect of an educational intervention related to health and nutrition on pregnant women in the villages of Central Java Province, Indonesia. Health Education Journal 2014;73(4):370‐81.
    1. Wijaya‐Erhardt M, Muslimatun S, Erhardt JG. Fermented soyabean and vitamin C‐rich fruit: a possibility to circumvent the further decrease of iron status among iron‐deficient pregnant women in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition 2011;14(12):2185‐96. - PubMed

Additional references

Abu‐Saad 2010
    1. Abu‐Saad K, Fraser D. Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes. Epidemiologic Reviews 2010;32:5‐25. - PubMed
Basaran 2010
    1. Basaran A, Basaran M, Topatan B. Combined vitamin C and E supplementation for the prevention of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2010;65(10):653‐67. - PubMed
Bendich 1997
    1. Bendich A. Vitamin C safety in humans. In: Packer L, Fuchs K editor(s). Vitamin C in Health and Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 1997:367‐9.
Cochrane 1965
    1. Cochrane WA. Overnutrition in prenatal and neonatal life: a problem?. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1965;93:893‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Conde‐Agudelo 2011
    1. Conde‐Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS. Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: A systematic review and metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(6):503.e1‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Diplock 1998
    1. Diplock AT, Charleux JL, Crozier‐Willi G, Kok FJ, Rice‐Evans C, Roberfroid M, et al. Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. British Journal of Nutrition 1998;80(Suppl 1):S77‐S112. - PubMed
Donati 2000
    1. Donati S, Baglio G, Spinelli A, Grandolfo ME. Drug use in pregnancy among Italian women. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000;56(4):323‐8. - PubMed
Henry 2000
    1. Henry A, Crowther C. Patterns of medication use during and prior to pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;40(2):165‐72. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Incebiyik 2015
    1. Incebiyik A, Vural M, Camuzcuoglu A, Camuzcuoglu H, Hilali NG, Taskin A, et al. Comparison of tissue prolidase enzyme activity and serum oxidative stress level between pregnant women with placental abruption and those with a healthy pregnancy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2015;291(4):805‐9. - PubMed
IOM 2000
    1. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2000. - PubMed
Lassi 2013
    1. Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006896.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 1967
    1. Lee PC, Ledwich JR, Smith DC. Large and small doses of ascorbic acid in the absorption of ferrous iron. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1967;97:181‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Levine 1995
    1. Levine M, Dhariwal KR, Welch RW, Wang Y Park JB. Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;62(6 Suppl):1347S‐1356S. - PubMed
Lind 1753
    1. Lind J. A Treatise of the Scurvy. In Three Parts. Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure, of that Disease. Together With a Critical and Chronological view of what has been published on the Subject. Edinburgh: Sands, Murray and Cochran for A Kincaid and A Donaldson, 1753. In: The James Lind Library: www.jameslindlibrary.org, 1753.
Mathews 1999
    1. Mathews F, Yudkin P, Neil A. Influence of maternal nutrition on outcome of pregnancy: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1999;319:339‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Myatt 2004
    1. Myatt L, Cui X. Oxidative stress in the placenta. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2004;122(4):369‐82. - PubMed
NHMRC 2006
    1. NHMRC. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia, 2006.
Nienhuis 1981
    1. Nienhuis AW. Vitamin C and iron. New England Journal of Medicine 1981;304:170‐1. - PubMed
Packer 1979
    1. Packer JE, Slater TF, Willson RL. Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C. Nature 1979;278:737‐8. - PubMed
Peña‐Rosas 2012
    1. Peña‐Rosas JP, De‐Regil LM, Dowswell T, Viteri FE. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009997] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Peña‐Rosas 2015
    1. Peña‐Rosas JP, De‐Regil LM, Garcia‐Casal MN, Dowswell T. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Read 1990
    1. Read RSD. Vitamin C. In: Truswell SA, Dreosti IE, English RM, Palmer N, Rutishauser IHE editor(s). Recommended Nutrient Intakes, Australian Papers. Sydney: Australian Professional Publications, 1990.
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Roberts 1999
    1. Roberts JM, Hubel CA. Is oxidative stress the link in the two‐stage model of pre‐eclampsia?. Lancet 1999;353:788‐9. - PubMed
Rumbold 2005a
    1. Rumbold AR, Crowther CA. Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Rumbold 2008
    1. Rumbold A, Duley L, Crowther C, Haslam R. Antioxidants for preventing pre‐eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004227.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Saugstad 1988
    1. Saugstad OD. Hypoxanthine as an indicator of hypoxia: its role in health and disease through free radical production. Pediatric Research 1988;23:143‐50. - PubMed
Saugstad 2001
    1. Saugstad OD. Update on oxygen radical disease in neonatology. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;13(2):147‐53. - PubMed
Sharma 1985
    1. Sharma SC, Walzman M, Bonnar J, Molloy A. Blood ascorbic acid and histamine levels in patients with placental bleeding. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 1985;39(3):233‐8. - PubMed
Sharma 1986
    1. Sharma SC, Bonnar J, Dóstalóva L. Comparison of blood levels of vitamin A, beta‐carotene and vitamin E in abruptio placentae with normal pregnancy. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 1986;56(1):3‐9. - PubMed
Silvers 1998
    1. Silvers KM, Gibson AT, Russell JM, Powers HJ. Antioxidant activity, packed cell transfusions, and outcome in premature infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1998;78:F214‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Stokes 1975
    1. Stokes PL, Melikian V, Leeming RL, Portman‐Graham H, Blair JA, Cook WT. Folate metabolism in scurvy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1975;28:126‐9. - PubMed
Streeter 1981
    1. Streeter ML, Rosso P. Transport mechanisms for ascorbic acid in the human placenta. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34(9):1706‐11. - PubMed
Woods 2001
    1. Woods JR Jr, Plessinger MA, Miller RK. Vitamins C and E: missing links in preventing preterm premature rupture of membranes?. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001;185(1):5‐10. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Rumbold 2005
    1. Rumbold A, Crowther CA. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004072.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms