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Review
. 2015 Jul 22;2015(7):CD007007.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007007.pub3.

Screening women for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings

Lorna O'Doherty  1 , Kelsey Hegarty, Jean Ramsay, Leslie L Davidson, Gene Feder, Angela Taft
Affiliations
Review

Screening women for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings

Lorna O'Doherty et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) damages individuals, their children, communities, and the wider economic and social fabric of society. Some governments and professional organisations recommend screening all women for IPV rather than asking only women with symptoms (case-finding). Here, we examine the evidence for whether screening benefits women and has no deleterious effects.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of screening for IPV conducted within healthcare settings on identification, referral, re-exposure to violence, and health outcomes for women, and to determine if screening causes any harm.

Search methods: On 17 February 2015, we searched CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, six other databases, and two trial registers. We also searched the reference lists of included articles and the websites of relevant organisations.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of IPV screening where healthcare professionals either directly screened women face-to-face or were informed of the results of screening questionnaires, as compared with usual care (which could include screening that did not involve a healthcare professional).

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias in the trials and undertook data extraction. For binary outcomes, we calculated a standardised estimation of the odds ratio (OR). For continuous data, either a mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) was calculated. All are presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Main results: We included 13 trials that recruited 14,959 women from diverse healthcare settings (antenatal clinics, women's health clinics, emergency departments, primary care) predominantly located in high-income countries and urban settings. The majority of studies minimised selection bias; performance bias was the greatest threat to validity. The overall quality of the body of evidence was low to moderate, mainly due to heterogeneity, risk of bias, and imprecision.We excluded five of 13 studies from the primary analysis as they either did not report identification data, or the way in which they did was not consistent with clinical identification by healthcare providers. In the remaining eight studies (n = 10,074), screening increased clinical identification of victims/survivors (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.79 to 4.87, moderate quality evidence).Subgroup analyses suggested increases in identification in antenatal care (OR 4.53, 95% CI 1.82 to 11.27, two studies, n = 663, moderate quality evidence); maternal health services (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.14 to 4.87, one study, n = 829, moderate quality evidence); and emergency departments (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.19, three studies, n = 2608, moderate quality evidence); but not in hospital-based primary care (OR 1.53, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.94, one study, n = 293, moderate quality evidence).Only two studies (n = 1298) measured referrals to domestic violence support services following clinical identification. We detected no evidence of an effect on referrals (OR 2.24, 95% CI 0.64 to 7.86, low quality evidence).Four of 13 studies (n = 2765) investigated prevalence (excluded from main analysis as rates were not clinically recorded); detection of IPV did not differ between face-to-face screening and computer/written-based assessment (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.36, moderate quality evidence).Only two studies measured women's experience of violence (three to 18 months after screening) and found no evidence that screening decreased IPV.Only one study reported on women's health with no differences observable at 18 months.Although no study reported adverse effects from screening interventions, harm outcomes were only measured immediately afterwards and only one study reported outcomes at three months.There was insufficient evidence on which to judge whether screening increases uptake of specialist services, and no studies included an economic evaluation.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence shows that screening increases the identification of women experiencing IPV in healthcare settings. Overall, however, rates were low relative to best estimates of prevalence of IPV in women seeking healthcare. Pregnant women in antenatal settings may be more likely to disclose IPV when screened, however, rigorous research is needed to confirm this. There was no evidence of an effect for other outcomes (referral, re-exposure to violence, health measures, lack of harm arising from screening). Thus, while screening increases identification, there is insufficient evidence to justify screening in healthcare settings. Furthermore, there remains a need for studies comparing universal screening to case-finding (with or without advocacy or therapeutic interventions) for women's long-term wellbeing in order to inform IPV identification policies in healthcare settings.

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Conflict of interest statement

Lorna O'Doherty ‐ the La Trobe funding went towards contracting Lorna from the University of Melbourne to work on the original Cochrane Review. She is responsible for the 2015 update to the review and conducted the 2015 work within the remit of her current position at Coventry University. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) funded her former position as research fellow at the University of Melbourne. She does not have any competing interest to declare. She was first author of an abridged version of the original review published in the BMJ in 2014. Kelsey Hegarty* ‐ has been funded through a NHMRC Grant to undertake a randomised controlled trial in the field of intimate partner violence (IPV) ‐ women's evaluation of abuse and violence care in general practice (WEAVE) trial (Hegarty 2013), which was completed by the time of the 2015 update. Angela Taft, Lorna O'Doherty, and Gene Feder were also involved in the trial. The author team examined the WEAVE trial against inclusion criteria and it was judged as ineligible on the basis that the intervention was too intensive to be considered a screening‐only trial. Kelsey participated in the World Health Organization (WHO) Guideline Group on health practitioners' responses to IPV and received payment from the General Practice Victoria for training provided to general practitioners in how to manage partner violence. Jean Ramsay ‐ none known. Leslie Davidson ‐ National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Center paid travel, accommodation, and meeting expenses for Leslie to attend the Society of Neuro Scientists of Africa (SONA) and a NIH workshop in March 2015 in South Africa unrelated to IPV. Gene Feder ‐ Gene chaired the WHO IPV and sexual violence guideline development group. Gene's institution received funds from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) for him to chair the Domestic Violence and Abuse guidelines development group. Gene's institution also receives funds from Safer Lives for his consultancy work and from a National Institute of Health Research applied research programme grant on domestic violence and abuse. Angela Taft* ‐ received an Australian Research Council Grant to undertake a screening trial (Taft 2015). Kelsey Hegarty was also involved in the trial. Its eligibility was considered for the 2015 update. The author team examined the Improving maternal and child health care for vulnerable mothers (MOVE) trial against inclusion criteria and it was judged as ineligible on the basis that screening was conducted by healthcare professionals in both arms of the trial. Kelsey Hegarty* and Angela Taft* were involved in (Taft 2012), which was previously examined by the author team and was judged ineligible for inclusion in the review as it was case‐finding and not a screening trial.

* Kelsey Hegarty and Angela Taft were excluded from making decisions about the trials they led.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram for selection of studies
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) versus control, Outcome 1 Identification of IPV by health professionals.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) versus control, Outcome 2 Identification of IPV by type of healthcare setting.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) versus control, Outcome 3 Referrals.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Face‐to‐face screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) versus written/computer‐based screening, Outcome 1 Identification of IPV.
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References

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