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Review
. 2006 Jun;12(6):887-93.
doi: 10.3201/10.3201/eid1206.051210.

Dengue prevention and 35 years of vector control in Singapore

Eng-Eong Ooi  1 , Kee-Tai Goh, Duane J Gubler
Affiliations
Review

Dengue prevention and 35 years of vector control in Singapore

Eng-Eong Ooi et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jun.

Abstract

After a 15-year period of low incidence, dengue has reemerged in Singapore in the past decade. We identify potential causes of this resurgence. A combination of lowered herd immunity, virus transmission outside the home, an increase in the age of infection, and the adoption of a case-reactive approach to vector control contribute to the increased dengue incidence. Singapore's experience with dengue indicates that prevention efforts may not be sustainable. For renewed success, Singapore needs to return to a vector control program that is based on carefully collected entomologic and epidemiologic data. Singapore's taking on a leadership role in strengthening disease surveillance and control in Southeast Asia may also be useful in reducing virus importation.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Annual incidence dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and the premises index, Singapore, 1966–2005. DHF was made a notifiable disease in 1966, while DF became a notifiable disease in 1977. The annual incidences of DF and DHF reported in this figure were calculated from the number of reported cases each year from 1966 to 2004. The annual premises index is expressed as a percentage of the premises in which Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus larvae were found divided by the number of premises visited by environmental health officers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proportion of indigenous dengue fever cases in patients <15 or >25 years of age, Singapore, 1977–2004. Indigenous cases are those that were acquired locally, among permanent and temporary residents of Singapore. Data were obtained from Communicable Disease Surveillance in Singapore, an annual publication of the Ministry of the Environment until 2002 and the Ministry of Health since 2003.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Diagrammatic representation of an autocidal ovitrap made up of a black cylinder, a wire mesh on a flotation device, and 2 pieces of cardboard. The gravid female Aedes mosquito lays its eggs on the cardboard. The larvae that hatch from the eggs go through the immature stages of the mosquito's lifecycle, but the resultant adult mosquito will be trapped underneath the wire mesh and drown. Picture inset shows the different components of the ovitrap.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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