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| Open AccessNon-invasive and noise-robust light focusing using confocal wavefront shaping
The Authors use a double modulation of both excitation and emission light to correct aberration and demonstrate imaging through thick scattering tissue. The approach is noise-robust and can image weak fluorescent neurons inside a thick brain slice.
- Dror Aizik
- & Anat Levin
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Article
| Open AccessJohnson-noise-limited cancellation-free microwave impedance microscopy with monolithic silicon cantilever probes
The authors introduce a new approach to microwave impedance microscopy, eliminating once-indispensable specialized probes and cancellation circuits. Using monolithic silicon probes and a streamlined architecture, they achieve 0.26 zF/√Hz sensitivity and 15 nm resolution with drift-free operation.
- Jun-Yi Shan
- , Nathaniel Morrison
- & Eric Y. Ma
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Article
| Open AccessMulti-objective Bayesian active learning for MeV-ultrafast electron diffraction
Due to the complex, nonlinear and correlated nature of accelerator systems, electron beam property optimisation is a time-consuming process. Here, the authors utilise multi-objective Bayesian active learning for speeding up online beam tuning at MeV ultrafast electron diffraction facility.
- Fuhao Ji
- , Auralee Edelen
- & Robert Joel England
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Article
| Open AccessCorrelating activities and defects in (photo)electrocatalysts using in-situ multi-modal microscopic imaging
Physicochemical heterogeneity poses a significant constraint in photocatalyst advancement. Here the authors introduce a multimodal optical microscopy platform to assess activity and defects concurrently in photoelectrocatalysts, revealing that disorder can unexpectedly enhance local photoelectrocatalytic performance in certain instances.
- Camilo A. Mesa
- , Michael Sachs
- & Raj Pandya
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Article
| Open AccessSemantic regularization of electromagnetic inverse problems
Solving ill-posed inverse problems require regularisation based on prior knowledge, which is formulated mathematically or learned from data. Here, the authors demonstrated the concept of semantic regularisation based on large language model to circumvent the current limitation.
- Hongrui Zhang
- , Yanjin Chen
- & Lianlin Li
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Article
| Open AccessRevealing the three-dimensional arrangement of polar topology in nanoparticles
Low-dimensional ferroelectric systems are predicted to have topologically nontrivial polar structures, such as vortices or skyrmions. Here authors present atomic-scale 3D topological polar structures in BaTiO3 nanoparticles using atomic electron tomography and revealed their size-dependent transitions.
- Chaehwa Jeong
- , Juhyeok Lee
- & Yongsoo Yang
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Article
| Open AccessThree-dimensional domain identification in a single hexagonal manganite nanocrystal
The authors present a 3D determination of the ferroelectric domain structure in a hexagonal yttrium manganite nanocrystal using multi-peak Bragg coherent x-ray diffraction imaging and reconstructing the full displacement field and strain tensor
- Ahmed H. Mokhtar
- , David Serban
- & Marcus C. Newton
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Article
| Open AccessImaging 3D chemistry at 1 nm resolution with fused multi-modal electron tomography
The authors demonstrate 3D chemical imaging of organic and inorganic materials near or below one-nanometer resolution using multi-modal electron tomography, by fusing elastic and inelastic scattering signals.
- Jonathan Schwartz
- , Zichao Wendy Di
- & Robert Hovden
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Article
| Open AccessBeyond nothingness in the formation and functional relevance of voids in polymer films
Voids are known to impact the properties of materials, but the nanovoids also present are less well understood than macroscopic voids. Here, the authors utilise 3D imaging and graph theory to study nanovoid formation and impact on material properties.
- Falon C. Kalutantirige
- , Jinlong He
- & Qian Chen
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Article
| Open AccessToward sub-second solution exchange dynamics in flow reactors for liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy
In liquid-phase TEM, microfluidic reactors are used to monitor nanoscale (electro)chemical dynamics in liquid environments. Here, the authors develop a reactor design with accelerated mass transport, facilitating quantitative in-situ and in-operando studies.
- Stefan Merkens
- , Christopher Tollan
- & Andrey Chuvilin
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Article
| Open AccessSubwavelength dielectric waveguide for efficient travelling-wave magnetic resonance imaging
Achieving uniform spin excitation, crucial for MRI, is challenging in the electrically large human body at UHF. Here, authors introduce an innovative dielectric waveguide specifically designed for traveling-wave MRI, which enhances homogeneity and efficiency through effective wave manipulation.
- Yang Gao
- , Tong Liu
- & Xiaotong Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessEffect of inorganic material surface chemistry on structures and fracture behaviours of epoxy resin
The mechanisms of adhesion between polymers and inorganic materials are not fully understood. Here, authors demonstrate the clear evidence that the surface chemistry impacts the crosslinked structures of resins near the interfaces, resulting in different fracture behaviours and adhesive strengths.
- Tomohiro Miyata
- , Yohei K. Sato
- & Hiroshi Jinnai
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Article
| Open AccessHigh-density volumetric super-resolution microscopy
Current approaches for volumetric super-resolution microscopy can yield large and complex PSF spatial footprints. Here, the authors show a super-resolution microscopy approach using a hexagonal microlens array, which offers speed improvements in volumetric imaging compared to other single-molecule methods.
- Sam Daly
- , João Ferreira Fernandes
- & Steven F. Lee
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Article
| Open AccessPore evolution mechanisms during directed energy deposition additive manufacturing
Porosity is a key issue in additive manufacturing (AM). Here, the authors reveal the bubble evolution mechanisms including formation, coalescence, pushing, growth, entrainment, escape, and entrapment during directed energy deposition AM using in situ X-ray imaging and multiphysics modelling.
- Kai Zhang
- , Yunhui Chen
- & Peter D. Lee
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Article
| Open AccessTwo-edge-resolved three-dimensional non-line-of-sight imaging with an ordinary camera
Ordinary cameras cannot directly see objects hidden around corners. Here, from an ordinary indirect 2D photograph, the authors compute a 3D image of a scene hidden behind a doorway by exploiting two perpendicular edges of the doorway.
- Robinson Czajkowski
- & John Murray-Bruce
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Article
| Open AccessImpact of palladium/palladium hydride conversion on electrochemical CO2 reduction via in-situ transmission electron microscopy and diffraction
The evolution of Pd-based material during CO2 electroreduction requires further investigation. Here the authors use in-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy and select area diffraction characterization techniques to visualize the morphological and phase structure evolution of the Pd/PdHx catalysts under CO2 electroreduction conditions.
- Ahmed M. Abdellah
- , Fatma Ismail
- & Drew Higgins
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Article
| Open AccessAccelerating process development for 3D printing of new metal alloys
Process development for 3D printing of new metal alloys can be time-consuming and variability in the printing outcome makes it even more challenging. Here, authors demonstrate an in-situ method using high-speed imaging and deep learning to accelerate the process design for a more consistent quality.
- David Guirguis
- , Conrad Tucker
- & Jack Beuth
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Article
| Open AccessDrone-based displacement measurement of infrastructures utilizing phase information
Drones are an effective and flexible tool for safety assessment of aging infrastructure, especially in locations with challenging accessibility. Here, authors demonstrate a phase-based sampling moiré technique with a drone for measurement of millimeter-scale infrastructural displacement in bridges.
- Shien Ri
- , Jiaxing Ye
- & Norihiko Ogura
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Article
| Open AccessHarmonizing sound and light: X-ray imaging unveils acoustic signatures of stochastic inter-regime instabilities during laser melting
In the pursuit of advancing laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology, researchers have successfully converged the realms of sound and light. Here, the authors unveil the synergistic potential of synchronized x-ray imaging and acoustics to illuminate hidden instabilities in LPBF process.
- Milad Hamidi Nasab
- , Giulio Masinelli
- & Roland E. Logé
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Article
| Open AccessSolving complex nanostructures with ptychographic atomic electron tomography
Transmission electron microscopy is essential for three-dimensional atomic structure determination, but solving complex heterogeneous structures containing light elements remains challenging. Here, authors solve a complex nanostructure using atomic resolution ptychographic electron tomography.
- Philipp M. Pelz
- , Sinéad M. Griffin
- & Colin Ophus
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| Open AccessVisualizing ultrafast photothermal dynamics with decoupled optical force nanoscopy
Diving deep into material insights, the authors introduce the ‘Decoupled Optical Force Nanoscopy’. This innovation uncovers the physical origins of light induced forces and captures dynamic thermal details with unparalleled nanometer precision.
- Hanwei Wang
- , Sean M. Meyer
- & Yang Zhao
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Article
| Open AccessHigh-speed mapping of surface charge dynamics using sparse scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy
Dynamic mapping of charge motion across multiple length- and timescales is essential for understanding a variety of phenomena. Here, the authors introduce sparse scanning KPFM, which enables fast nanoscale charge mapping at 3 frames per second to track ion migration.
- Marti Checa
- , Addis S. Fuhr
- & Liam Collins
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| Open AccessDeep learning at the edge enables real-time streaming ptychographic imaging
Next-generation light sources and fast detectors enable unparalleled materials characterization, but increased data rates and compute needs preclude real-time analysis. Here, Babu et al. leverage high-performance computing and AI@Edge to achieve real-time, low-dose imaging on streaming data at 2 KHz.
- Anakha V. Babu
- , Tao Zhou
- & Mathew J. Cherukara
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Article
| Open AccessDefects and nanostrain gradients control phase transition mechanisms in single crystal high-voltage lithium spinel
Lithiation dynamics and phase transition mechanisms in battery materials remain poorly understood. Here authors use operando X-ray nanodiffraction microscopy to reveal how domains relate to defects and how cycling affects the lattice domain reorientation in LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 single crystals.
- Isaac Martens
- , Nikita Vostrov
- & Tobias U. Schulli
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Article
| Open AccessRealistic prediction and engineering of high-Q modes to implement stable Fano resonances in acoustic devices
The authors demonstrate that laser Doppler vibrometer measurements are a powerful tool for predicting the maximum pressure enhancement of high-Q modes. The results presented enable future applications of acoustic BICs by filling the missing data gap on field enhancement.
- Felix Kronowetter
- , Marcus Maeder
- & Steffen Marburg
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Article
| Open AccessLorentz microscopy of optical fields
Electron holography and microscopy have long been used to map static electric and magnetic fields. Here, authors establish Lorentz Microscopy of Optical Fields, a new technique that uses the deflection and interference of an electron beam to obtain phase-resolved images of nanoscale optical fields.
- John H. Gaida
- , Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- & Claus Ropers
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| Open AccessProbing three-dimensional mesoscopic interfacial structures in a single view using multibeam X-ray coherent surface scattering and holography imaging
The authors observe X-ray coherent scattering speckles from substrate-supported planar patterns in grazing incidence reflection geometry, which constitutes hard X-ray holograms revealing three-dimensional high-resolution structural information in a single image.
- Miaoqi Chu
- , Zhang Jiang
- & Jin Wang
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Article
| Open AccessPhotoluminescence imaging of single photon emitters within nanoscale strain profiles in monolayer WSe2
Here, the authors correlate the position and spectral emission properties of single photon emitters in monolayer WSe2 with the surrounding local strain potential by combining deep-subwavelength photoluminescence imaging and atomic force microscopy, providing insights on the microscopic mechanisms behind the formation of the quantum emitters.
- Artem N. Abramov
- , Igor Y. Chestnov
- & Vasily Kravtsov
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Article
| Open AccessRobotic-OCT guided inspection and microsurgery of monolithic storage devices
Demand for data recovery from monolithic storage devices is high but current methods are inefficient. Here, authors develop a robotic OCT-guided inspection and microsurgery method, minimizing damage to device and enhancing data recovery efficiency.
- Bin He
- , Yuxin Zhang
- & Ning Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessDrug classification with a spectral barcode obtained with a smartphone Raman spectrometer
Smartphones are ubiquitous devices that have permeated into our daily life. Here, the authors demonstrate that a Smartphone Raman spectrometer can be used for drug classification by using a convolutional neural network to process its spectral barcode.
- Un Jeong Kim
- , Suyeon Lee
- & Hyuck Choo
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Article
| Open AccessRevealing intrinsic domains and fluctuations of moiré magnetism by a wide-field quantum microscope
By carefully inducing twists or lattice stacking offsets between two adjacent van der Waals crystals, a superlattice potential can be introduced. This Moire lattice offers an incredibly rich physics, ranging from superconductivity to exotic magnetism, depending on van der Waals materials in question. Here, Du et al. study the magnetic domains in twisted CrI3, and show that despite this domain structure, spin fluctuations are spatially homogenous.
- Mengqi Huang
- , Zeliang Sun
- & Chunhui Rita Du
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Article
| Open AccessElectron counting detectors in scanning transmission electron microscopy via hardware signal processing
Electron detectors used in electron microscope are often unable to provide quantified information without calibration. Here, by combining existing detectors with hardware signal processing, the authors demonstrated that the detectors can be run in an electron counting mode enabling imaging at faster speeds, at lower electron doses, and reduces the barrier to quantitative measurements.
- Jonathan J. P. Peters
- , Tiarnan Mullarkey
- & Lewys Jones
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Article
| Open AccessSimultaneous magnetic resonance imaging of pH, perfusion and renal filtration using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled Z-OMPD
pH alterations are a hallmark of many pathologies including cancer and kidney disease. Here the authors describe [1,5- 13 C2]Z-OMPD as a probe for hyperpolarized 13C-MRI with good pH sensitivity and hyperpolarization properties which combined with tailored MRI protocols allow sub-minute imaging of pH, renal perfusion and filtration simultaneously.
- Martin Grashei
- , Pascal Wodtke
- & Franz Schilling
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Article
| Open AccessNon-interferometric stand-alone single-shot holographic camera using reciprocal diffractive imaging
An ideal holographic camera acquires depth information about an object by measuring the light field. Here, the authors present a reference-free single-shot holographic image sensor that freely focuses the image of real-world objects via reciprocal diffractive imaging.
- Jeonghun Oh
- , Herve Hugonnet
- & YongKeun Park
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Article
| Open AccessμeV electron spectromicroscopy using free-space light
The authors present μeV electron spectromicroscopy, a technique that combines free-space light and electron beams to achieve unmatched spatial and spectral resolution. This approach enables detailed investigation of photonic structures, promising advancements in microscopy and quantum optics.
- Yves Auad
- , Eduardo J. C. Dias
- & Mathieu Kociak
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| Open AccessImaging the electron charge density in monolayer MoS2 at the Ångstrom scale
Recent electron microscopy techniques have attracted significant attention for their ability to image electric fields at the atomic level. Here, the authors investigate the possibility to separate the charge density contributions of core and valence electrons in monolayer MoS2, highlighting the limitations induced by the electron probe shape.
- Joel Martis
- , Sandhya Susarla
- & Arun Majumdar
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Article
| Open AccessDirect observation of hot-electron-enhanced thermoelectric effects in silicon nanodevices
Thermoelectric property of silicon itself is important for the thermal management of post-Moore nanoelectronics. Here, Xue et al directly observe unconventional thermoelectric cooling/heating effects enhanced by hot electrons in silicon nanodevices.
- Huanyi Xue
- , Ruijie Qian
- & Wei Lu
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Article
| Open AccessNon-line-of-sight snapshots and background mapping with an active corner camera
Most non-line-of-sight imaging requires scanned illumination, limiting applicability for dynamic scenes. Here the authors exploit occlusion and a sensor array to estimate locations and sizes of moving foreground objects and a static background map.
- Sheila Seidel
- , Hoover Rueda-Chacón
- & Vivek K Goyal
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| Open AccessStrain and crystallographic identification of the helically concaved gap surfaces of chiral nanoparticles
Identifying the 3D crystal plane and strain field distributions of nanocrystals with concave surfaces is challenging. Here, the authors analyze the hidden concave gaps of chiral nanoparticles by using coherent Bragg X-ray diffraction imaging.
- Sungwook Choi
- , Sang Won Im
- & Hyunjung Kim
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Article
| Open AccessDeep optoacoustic localization microangiography of ischemic stroke in mice
Optoacoustic super-resolution at millimeter-scale depths has been impeded by the strong background absorption from blood cells. Here, the authors use dichloromethane microdroplets with high optical absorption and demonstrate 3D microangiography of the mouse brain via optoacoustic localization.
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- , Justine Robin
- & Daniel Razansky
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Article
| Open AccessDeep learning-based incoherent holographic camera enabling acquisition of real-world holograms for holographic streaming system
The authors develop a deep learning-based incoherent holographic camera system in order to deliver visually enhanced holograms in real-time. The neural network filters the noise in the captured holograms, and by integrating a holographic camera and a display, they demonstrate a holographic streaming system.
- Hyeonseung Yu
- , Youngrok Kim
- & Hong-Seok Lee
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Article
| Open AccessAbsence of critical thickness for polar skyrmions with breaking the Kittel’s law
Here, the authors find that ferroelectric skyrmions can be sustained in [(PbTiO3)2/(SrTiO3)2]m ultrathin superlattices. The period-thickness relationship of skyrmions in the ultrathin PbTiO3 layers breaks Kittel’s law.
- Feng-Hui Gong
- , Yun-Long Tang
- & Xiu-Liang Ma
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Article
| Open AccessCASPI: collaborative photon processing for active single-photon imaging
The sparse, noisy, and distorted raw photon data captured by single-photon cameras make it difficult to estimate scene properties under challenging illumination conditions. Here, the authors present Collaborative photon processing for Active Single-Photon Imaging (CASPI), a technology-agnostic, application-agnostic, and training-free photon processing pipeline for high-resolution single-photon cameras.
- Jongho Lee
- , Atul Ingle
- & Mohit Gupta
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Article
| Open AccessRotational and dilational reconstruction in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bilayers
Lattice reconstruction crucially influences the electronic properties of twisted van der Waals structures. Here, the authors report a quantitative characterization of the mechanical deformations occurring in small-angle twisted bilayers and heterobilayers of 2D semiconductors via interferometric 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy.
- Madeline Van Winkle
- , Isaac M. Craig
- & D. Kwabena Bediako
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Article
| Open AccessImaging quantized vortex rings in superfluid helium to evaluate quantum dissipation
Quantum vortices exist in superfluid and play important role in superfluid characteristics. Here the authors determine quantum dissipation caused by mutual friction in superfluid by filming the motion of quantized vortex rings in superfluid helium.
- Yuan Tang
- , Wei Guo
- & Toshiaki Kanai
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Article
| Open Access4D nanoimaging of early age cement hydration
In this work, the authors use near-field ptychographic nanotomography to visualize cement hydration in situ. They report hydration features with submicrometer detail including calcium silicate dissolution rates, etch-pit growth rates and water-to-air porosity evolution.
- Shiva Shirani
- , Ana Cuesta
- & Miguel A. G. Aranda
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Article
| Open AccessAtomic-scale origin of the low grain-boundary resistance in perovskite solid electrolyte Li0.375Sr0.4375Ta0.75Zr0.25O3
Oxide solid electrolytes generally suffer from high grain boundary resistance. Here, the authors use advanced electron microscopy, along with an active learning moment tensor potential, to reveal the atomic-scale origin of low grain-boundary resistance in Li0.375Sr0.4375Ta0.75Zr0.25O3.
- Tom Lee
- , Ji Qi
- & Xiaoqing Pan
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Article
| Open AccessPrecise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu’s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons
Khufu’s Pyramid is one of the largest archaeological monuments in the world, and still contains unexplored voids. Here, the authors use cosmic-ray muon radiography in multiple positions to precisely characterize one of these inner structures called the North Face Corridor.
- Sébastien Procureur
- , Kunihiro Morishima
- & Mohamed Elkarmoty
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Article
| Open AccessOne dimensional wormhole corrosion in metals
Corrosion is a ubiquitous failure mode in materials. Here the authors report a percolating 1D wormhole corrosion morphology using advanced electron microscopy and theoretical simulations. The work presents a vacancy mapping method with nm-resolution, identifying the incubation sites of the wormholes.
- Yang Yang
- , Weiyue Zhou
- & Andrew M. Minor