Fighting the late-night bright light could reduce risk of diabetes
Avoiding bright light at night could be a simple way to reduce your risk of diabetes, a Flinders University study shows.
Jun 25, 2024
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Avoiding bright light at night could be a simple way to reduce your risk of diabetes, a Flinders University study shows.
Jun 25, 2024
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Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect, in part because the pancreas sits deep in the abdominal cavity in a position that can vary from person to person; pancreatic tumors therefore can remain hidden until too late for ...
Jun 24, 2024
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A healthy diet that adheres to nutrition recommendations is associated with better blood glucose levels and a lower risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, a new study from the University of Eastern Finland shows. This association ...
Jun 19, 2024
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New University of Pittsburgh research points to a potential approach to reducing the risk of diabetes associated with widely-prescribed antipsychotic medications.
Jun 13, 2024
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Children born via frozen embryo transfer have similar metabolic profiles to those born via fresh embryo transfer, according to a study published June 6 in the open-access journal PLOS Medicine by Linlin Cui and Zi-Jiang Chen ...
Jun 6, 2024
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Researchers at the Abimael Laboratory of Neurometabolism and the Neurometabolomics & Neuroinformatics core at Mount Sinai have discovered a potential new therapy, improved an existing treatment, and identified a disease biomarker ...
Jun 6, 2024
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The skin or peel of the jaboticaba berry (Plinia jaboticaba), a native of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, is usually thrown away because of its astringency (due to an abundance of mouth-puckering tannins), yet it can be ...
May 21, 2024
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The rich research portfolio of the Monell Chemical Senses Center on sweet taste goes way back: Monell scientists were one of four teams in 2001 that found and described the mammalian sweet taste receptor—TAS1R2-TAS1R3. ...
May 18, 2024
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Racket sports such as pickleball—often referred to as America's fastest-growing sport—are clearly having a moment. New pickleball partnerships, leagues and playing courts are springing up everywhere.
May 10, 2024
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Just a few days on a night shift schedule throws off protein rhythms related to blood glucose regulation, energy metabolism and inflammation, processes that can influence the development of chronic metabolic conditions.
May 9, 2024
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Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. Glucose and other carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabolic pathways across species: plants synthesize carbohydrates from atmospheric gases by photosynthesis storing the absorbed energy internally, often in the form of starch or lipids. Plant components are eaten by animals and fungi, and used as fuel for cellular respiration. Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy and from lipids about 9 kcal. Energy obtained from metabolism (eg, oxidation of glucose) is usually stored temporarily within cells in the form of ATP. Organisms capable of aerobic respiration metabolize glucose and oxygen to release energy with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Carbohydrates are a superior short-term fuel for organisms because they are simpler to metabolize than fats or those amino acid portions of proteins that are used for fuel. In animals, the most important carbohydrate is glucose; so much so, that the level of glucose is used as the main control for the central metabolic hormone, insulin. Starch, and cellulose in a few organisms (eg, termites, ruminants, and some bacteria), being both glucose polymers are disassembled during digestion and absorbed as glucose. Some simple carbohydrates have their own enzymatic oxidation pathways, as do only a few of the more complex carbohydrates. The disaccharide lactose, for instance, requires the enzyme lactase to be broken into into its monosaccharides components; many animals lack this enzyme in adulthood.
Carbohydrates are typically stored as long polymers of glucose molecules with Glycosidic bonds for structural support (e.g. chitin, cellulose) or for energy storage (e.g. glycogen, starch). However, the strong affinity of most carbohydrates for water makes storage of large quantities of carbohydrates inefficient due to the large molecular weight of the solvated water-carbohydrate complex. In most organisms, excess carbohydrates are regularly catabolised to form Acetyl-CoA, which is a feed stock for the fatty acid synthesis pathway; fatty acids, triglycerides, and other lipids are commonly used for long-term energy storage. The hydrophobic character of lipids makes them a much more compact form of energy storage than hydrophilic carbohydrates. However, animals, including humans, lack the necessary enzymatic machinery and so do not synthesize glucose from lipids. <ref, G Cooper, The Cell, American Society of Microbiology, p 72>
All carbohydrates share a general formula of approximately CnH2nOn; glucose is C6H12O6. Monosaccharides may be chemically bonded together to form disaccharides such as sucrose and longer polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.
This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA