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Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of motivated behavior by Melanin-concentrating hormone: a short review
Recent preclinical research exploring how neuropeptide transmitter systems regulate motivated behavior reveal the increasing importance of sex as a...
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Long-term effects of THC exposure on reward learning and motivated behavior in adolescent and adult male rats
RationaleThe endocannabinoid system makes critical contributions to reward processing, motivation, and behavioral control. Repeated exposure to THC...
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Clozapine N-oxide, compound 21, and JHU37160 do not influence effortful reward-seeking behavior in mice
RationaleClozapine N-oxide (CNO) has been developed as a ligand to selectively activate designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs...
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Basic Protocols to Study Parental Behavior in Rats
Maternal care is an affiliative, motivated, and complex social behavior that has been conserved through evolution to ensure the survival of the...
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Chemogenetic (DREADD) Exploration of Circuits Mediating Reward-Motivated Attention
The brain reward circuit is complex and it plays an important role in reward-motivated behavior and is fundamental for species survival. It is also...
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Extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards, and non-optimal behavior
The optimality of behavior in experimental settings is usually determined with respect to an extrinsic reward defined by the experimenters. However,...
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Adult Neurogenesis and Social Behavior: A Reciprocal Relationship
Neural plasticity refers to the brain’s life-long capacity to change itself functionally and structurally. Specifically, adult neurogenesis—a unique...
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Parental Behavior
Maternal behavior (MB) in mammals is a goal-directed behavior adapted for ensuring the survival of a female’s offspring. It includes a constellation...
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The ameliorative effect of midazolam on empathy-like behavior in old rats
Although studies suggest that cognitive functions in the elderly are impaired, elderly people tend to be more successful and wiser in solving...
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Context-dependent activation of a social behavior brain network during learned vocal production
Neural activation in brain regions for vocal control is social context dependent. This context-dependent brain activation reflects social...
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Premotor projections from the locus coeruleus and periaqueductal grey are altered in two rat models with inborn differences in emotional behavior
Emotionally motivated behaviors rely on the coordinated activity of descending neural circuits involved in motor and autonomic functions. Using a...
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Neuroendocrine Control of Maternal Behavior
Maternal caregiving is an essential component of successful mammalian reproduction. Indeed, almost all mothers exhibit a species-typical repertoire...
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“Push it!” or “Hold it!”? A comparison of nicotine-avoidance training and nicotine-inhibition training in smokers motivated to quit
RationaleRecently, experimental paradigms have been developed to strengthen automatic avoidance or inhibitory responses for smoking cues. However,...
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Establishment of Prosocial Behavior in Early Childhood and Its Neurophysiological Mechanisms
From a very early age, children are capable of prosocial acts: giving objects, comforting, and sharing with other people. This review addresses...
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Significance of Dynamic Axial Stretching on Estimating Biomechanical Behavior and Properties of the Human Ascending Aorta
Contrary to most vessels, the ascending thoracic aorta (ATA) not only distends but also elongates in the axial direction. The purpose of this study...
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The Roles of Histamine Receptor 1 (hrh1) in Neurotransmitter System Regulation, Behavior, and Neurogenesis in Zebrafish
Histamine receptors mediate important physiological processes and take part in the pathophysiology of different brain disorders. Histamine receptor 1...
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Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery as a Measure of Alcohol-Seeking Behavior
Alcohol (EtOH) addiction can be characterized as a chronic relapsing disorder. EtOH craving is a critical precipitating factor to relapse....
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Social Behavior Testing in Mice: Social Interest, Recognition, and Aggression
Humans spend the majority of our time interacting with others, and thus social skills are essential. Therefore, advances in our understanding of the...
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Hormone Effects on Behavior
Hormone effects on brain and behavior surprisingly turned out to be (i) the first convincing demonstration of body-to-brain signaling and (ii) the...
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Multisite Recording During Memory-Guided Behavior
Recording neural activity from multiple brain regions allows researchers to investigate the dynamic interactions between connected regions within a...
