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Sex-dependent variation in cartilage adaptation: from degeneration to regeneration
Despite acknowledgement in the scientific community of sex-based differences in cartilage biology, the implications for study design remain unclear,...
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Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
With Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), we indicate a heterogeneous group of relatively rare inherited connective tissue disorders that share common joint...
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Epigenetics and Aging
In this chapter, we will discuss that the epigenome has a memory function in both somatic and germ cells. The latter is the basis for...
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Hormones and Cerebellar Development
Cerebellar development and plasticity involve various epigenetic processes that activate specific genes at different time points, including humoral...
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Linking Environmental Chemicals to Neuroinflammation and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mechanisms and Implications for Prevention
This article explores the potential link between endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), neuroinflammation, and the development of autism spectrum...
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Gut microbiota steroid sexual dimorphism and its impact on gonadal steroids: influences of obesity and menopausal status
BackgroundGonadal steroid hormones have been suggested as the underlying mechanism responsible for the sexual dimorphism observed in metabolic...
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Zebrafish as a Biomedical Model to Define Developmental Origins of Chemical Toxicity
Historically, toxicity studies have focused on an aligned exposure and assessment life period. In recent years, there are a growing number of studies...
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The Foetus
Prenatal screening for foetal anomalies has advanced in recent years, from amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and ultrasonography to...
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The Curious Case of the Naked Mole-Rat: How Extreme Social and Reproductive Adaptations Might Influence Sex Differences in the Brain
Research in the neurobiology of sex differences is inherently influenced by the study species that are used. Some traditional animal research models,...
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Assessment of Sexual Reward with the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm
Sexual behavior, as other naturally motivated behaviors such as eating behavior, involves mesolimbic circuits that belong to the reward system as...
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Hormones Regulating Sex Development
Testosterone, the primary hormone required for sexual differentiation, is synthesised by a complex pathway from cholesterol. Variants in genes...
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Ring Chromosome 22
About 250 cases of ring chromosome 22 (RC22) have been reported in the literature. Approximately 90% of RC22 cases have a deletion of the terminal...
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Novel PUF60 variant suggesting an interaction between Verheij and Cornelia de Lange syndrome: phenotype description and review of the literature
Verheij syndrome [VRJS; OMIM 615583] is a rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by distinct clinical features, including...
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In vitro effects of the endocrine disruptor p,p′DDT on human choriogonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor signalling
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( p , p ′DDT) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Several studies showed an association between p , p ′DDT exposure...
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Origin and Development of the Mammary Glands
The chapter presents data on the development of breast structure and function during various periods of a woman’s life: in the prenatal period, in...
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A novel de novo androgen receptor nonsense mutation in a sex-reversed 46,XY infant
An infant with 46,XY karyotype, and unambiguous female phenotype was found to have testes in the inguinal regions. Capillary sequencing of the...
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Genetics of Sex Differences in Immunity
Women have a stronger immune response and a higher frequency of most autoimmune diseases than men. While much of the difference between men and women...
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X-linked Inheritance: A Question of Gender
The implications of having a different chromosome complement in males and females are explored in this chapter, with particular reference to X...
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Pesticide Toxicity Associated with Infertility
Pesticides have benefited mankind in many ways like agriculture, industrial and health sectors. On the other hand, conversely their deleterious...
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Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, have long been recognized in psychiatry and other medical disciplines for their...
