The Earth’s variable climate is a function of an unequal distribution of solar radiation. Average yearly net gains in insulation occur equatorward of 36° latitude, and net losses poleward this latitude. It follows that variations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure occur about the planet, which drive atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. Moisture content in the atmosphere is a function of air temperature and proximity to water sources. Warm tropical air rises, expands, cools adiabatically, condenses, forms clouds, and yields precipitation throughout much of the tropical zone. A rotating Earth causes air masses to migrate poleward where at about 20–40° north and south latitudes the air subsides, compresses, warms adiabatically, increases its moisture- holding tendency, and ultimately results in very warm, dry air at the surface. This middle tropospheric warming inhibits deep convection necessary for heavy rain to form. Arid climatic conditions ensure many of the world’s...
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Cross-references
Aridity Indexes
Climate Classification
Desertification
Deserts
Rainshadow
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Vaughn, D.M. (2005). Arid Climates. In: Oliver, J.E. (eds) Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht . https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_16
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