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Regional Comparison of Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Diet using DNA Metabarcoding

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Abstract

Application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to DNA metabarcoding can greatly increase the understanding of predator–prey dynamics and the conflict between wildlife and humans, but remains underutilized for carnivores such as the threatened snow leopard (Panthera uncia). To date, this technique was hindered by the difficulty in discerning closely related caprines (Caprinae). We identified a segment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (MT-CO1) to differentiate these prey, and used this marker in tandem with a portion of mitochondrial 12S rRNA (MT-RNR1) to determine dietary items in 165 genetically confirmed snow leopard scats from four range countries. Identified prey species consisted of ten medium to large mammals, three small mammals, and two birds. The dominant prey consumed varied by country, with markhor (Capra falconeri) most prevalent in Pakistan, Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan, and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in China. Livestock comprised 31% of diet occurrences from Pakistan and 15% from Mongolia. Domestic livestock included goat (C. aegagrus hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), bovids (Bos taurus, B. grunniens, and potentially hybrids), and horse (Equus caballus). Protection and management of regionally specific wild prey is crucial for sustaining snow leopard populations, although overall dietary breadth suggests that snow leopards may exploit other species if necessary, including livestock. Additional sampling efforts across seasons, years, regions, and areas with varying degrees of livestock depredation are needed. MT-CO1 in conjunction with MT-RNR1 can be applied to other carnivore diet studies, making it an important tool for conservation and research, particularly in ecosystems with pastoral communities.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and analyzed for the current study ae available in the Dryad repository (https://datadryad.org/stash).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following for assistance: Dr. William Horne, Al Muatasim Al Zadjali, Colton Ames, and Nickolas Walker. We would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers who assisted in improving this manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded by the Snow Leopard Conservancy (G1900014, G2000019), Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (G1800082), World Wildlife Fund (G1700034), Panthera & The Andrew Sabin Family Foundation (G1900011, G2000017), and the Chicago Zoological Society Chicago Board of Trade Endangered Species Fund (G1900014).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Matthew Jevit

    Present address: Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

  2. Yanlin Liu

    Present address: China Felid Conservation Association, Beijing, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA

    Charlotte E. Hacker, Matthew Jevit & Jan E. Janecka

  2. Department of Anthropology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA

    Shafqat Hussain

  3. Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization, Skardu, Pakistan

    Ghulam Muhammad

  4. Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Bariushaa Munkhtsog

  5. Irbis Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Bariushaa Munkhtsog

  6. Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

    Bayaraa Munkhtsog

  7. Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, 100091, China

    Yuguang Zhang, Diqiang Li & Yanlin Liu

  8. World Wildlife Fund, Thimphu, Bhutan

    John D. Farrington

  9. World Wildlife Fund Russia, Central Asian Program Bishkek, 720082, Kyrgyzstan

    Farida Balbakova & Azat Alamanov

  10. Sarychat-Ertash State Reserve, Barskoon, Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan

    Omurbek Kurmanaliev

  11. World Wildlife Fund Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 210620A

    Chimeddorj Buyanaa & Gantulga Bayandonoi

  12. World Wildlife Fund Altai-Sayan Field Office, Khovd City, Mongolia

    Munkhtogtokh Ochirjav

  13. Wildlife Conservation Society, Beijing, 100101, China

    Xuchang Liang & Xiaoxing Bian

  14. Panthera, New York, NY, 10018, USA

    Byron Weckworth

  15. Snow Leopard Conservancy, Sonoma, CA, 15476, USA

    Rodney Jackson

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  1. Charlotte E. Hacker
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Contributions

CEH, MJ, and JEJ contributed to study concept and design and acquired funding for the study. SH and GM coordinated and collected the scat samples from Pakistan. BM, BM, CB, and GB coordinated and collected scat samples from Mongolia. YZ, DL, YL, XL, and XB coordinated and collected scat samples from China. JDF, FB, AA, and OK coordinated and collected scat samples from Kyrgyzstan. All co-authors from snow leopard range countries served as local experts for their respective countries. CEH and JEJ performed sequencing laboratory work and data analysis. MJ performed preliminary analyses for the study. CEH wrote the manuscript. JEJ, BW, RJ, and JDF edited the manuscript and provided additional expertise.

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Correspondence to Jan E. Janecka.

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Hacker, C.E., Jevit, M., Hussain, S. et al. Regional Comparison of Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Diet using DNA Metabarcoding. Biodivers Conserv 30, 797–817 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02118-6

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