Potential Role of Herbs and Spices on the Immune System

• Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Farag MR et al (2016) Nutritional, healthical and therapeutic efficacy of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in animals, poultry and humans. Int J Pharmacol 12:232–248

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Abdel-Tawwab M, Samir F, Abd El-Naby AS, Monier MN (2018) Antioxidative and immunostimulatory effect of dietary cinnamon nanoparticles on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and its susceptibility to hypoxia stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 74:19–25

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• AftabUddin S, Siddique MAM, Romkey SS, Shelton WL (2017) Antibacterial function of herbal extracts on growth, survival and immunoprotection in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 65:52–58

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Agarwal R, Diwanay S, Patki P, Patwardhan B (1999) Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 67:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00065-3

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Aggarwal BB, Kunnumakkara AB (2009) Molecular targets and therapeutic uses of spices: modern uses for ancient medicine. World Scientific

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Ahmad A, Mishra RK, Vyawahare A et al (2019) Thymoquinone (2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) as a chemopreventive/anticancer agent: chemistry and biological effects. Saudi Pharm J 27:1113–1126

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Ahmadifar E, Sheikhzadeh N, Roshanaei K et al (2019) Can dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) alter biochemical and immunological parameters and gene expression related to growth, immunity and antioxidant system in zebrafish (Danio rerio)? Aquaculture 507:341–348

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Alagawany M, Ashour EA, Reda FM (2016) 14. Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profile and oxidative status in growing rabbits. Ann Anim Sci 16:489–505

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Alghamdi SS (2016) A method and composition using parsley (petroselinum crispum) as a natural remedy for diabetes mellitus. U.S. Patent Application 14/417,636, filed March 31, 2016

  Google Scholar 

• Anand T, Mahadeva N, Phani KG, Farhath K (2010) Antioxidant and DNA damage preventive properties of Centella asiatica (L) Urb. Pharm J 2:53–58

  Google Scholar 

• Anitha KPGU, Mythili S (2017) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel endophytic fungus Achaetomium sp., from Euphorbia hirta. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:588–593

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Antony S, Kuttan R, Kuttan G (1999) Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin. Immunol Investig 28:291–303

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Anywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R et al (2020) Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners to boost the immune system in people living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Eur J Integr Med 35:101011

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Arangannal P, Nithya S, Jeevarathan J et al (2019) Antibacterial effectiveness of cinnamon chewing gum on Streptococcus mutans. Indian J Public Heal Res Dev 10:1694–1698

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Arvanag FM, Bayrami A, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Pouran SR (2019) A comprehensive study on antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Silybum marianum L seed extract. Mater Sci Eng C 97:397–405

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Ashokkumar K, Pandian A, Murugan M et al (2020) Profiling bioactive flavonoids and carotenoids in select south Indian spices and nuts. Nat Prod Res 34:1306–1310

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Auti ST, Kulkarni YA (2019) Neuroprotective effect of cardamom oil against aluminum induced neurotoxicity in rats. Front Neurol 10:399

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Avola R, Granata G, Geraci C et al (2020) Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil provides anti-inflammatory activity and facilitates wound healing in a human keratinocytes cell model. Food Chem Toxicol:111586

  Google Scholar 

• Awad E, Cerezuela R, Esteban MÁ (2015) Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance. Fish Shellfish Immunol 45:454–464

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Aye MM, Aung HT, Sein MM, Armijos C (2019) A review on the phytochemistry, medicinal properties and pharmacological activities of 15 selected Myanmar medicinal plants. Molecules 24:293

  Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Ballarin L (2008) Immunobiology of compound ascidians, with particular reference to Botryllus schlosseri: state of art. Invertebr Surviv J 5:54–74

  Google Scholar 

• Benil PB, Nimisha P, Arokiyaraj S et al (2020) Antitumour and anti-haematotoxic activity of Asparagus racemosus L Total dissolved solids in co-administration with cyclophosphamide in mice. J King Saud Univ

  Google Scholar 

• Bi X, Lim J, Henry CJ (2017) Spices in the management of diabetes mellitus. Food Chem 217:281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.111

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Bopana N, Saxena S (2007) Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs. J Ethnopharmacol 110:1–15

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Cao H, Urban JF Jr, Anderson RA (2008) Cinnamon polyphenol extract affects immune responses by regulating anti-and proinflammatory and glucose transporter gene expression in mouse macrophages. J Nutr 138:833–840

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Catrina AI, Joshua V, Klareskog L, Malmström V (2016) Mechanisms involved in triggering rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 269:162–174

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Chandrasekaran CV, Mathuram LN, Daivasigamani P, Bhatnagar U (2009) Tinospora cordifolia, a safety evaluation. Toxicol Vitr 23:1220–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.030

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Chen C-Y, Li W, Qu K-P, Chen C-R (2013) Piperine exerts anti-seizure effects via the TRPV1 receptor in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 714:288–294

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Chen Z, Liu L, Gao C et al (2020) Astragali radix (Huangqi): a promising edible immunomodulatory herbal medicine. J Ethnopharmacol:112895

  Google Scholar 

• Choi JG, Jin YH, Lee H et al (2017) Protective effect of Panax notoginseng root water extract against influenza a virus infection by enhancing antiviral interferon-mediated immune responses and natural killer cell activity. Front Immunol 8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01542

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Choi JG, Kim SY, Jeong M, Oh MS (2018) Pharmacotherapeutic potential of ginger and its compounds in age-related neurological disorders. Pharmacol Ther 182:56–69

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Choochuay K, Sawatdee S, Chanthorn W (2016) The efficacy of topical spray containing Centella asiatica extract on excision wound healing in rats. Asian J Pharm Sci 1:132–133

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Chukwuocha UM, Fernández-Rivera O, Legorreta-Herrera M (2016) Exploring the antimalarial potential of whole Cymbopogon citratus plant therapy. J Ethnopharmacol 193:517–523

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Chung K-S, Shin S-J, Lee NY et al (2016) Anti-proliferation effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Phyther Res 30:1197–1203

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Crivelli B, Bari E, Perteghella S et al (2019) Silk fibroin nanoparticles for celecoxib and curcumin delivery: ROS-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 137:37–45

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Cui L, Chen L, Yang G et al (2021) Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a heterogalactan from Panax ginseng flowers. Food Res Int 140:109859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109859

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Dadashpour M, Firouzi-Amandi A, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M et al (2018) Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Matricaria chamomilla extract and their potential anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells. Mater Sci Eng C 92:902–912

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Dall’Acqua S, Grabnar I, Verardo R et al (2019) Combined extracts of Echinacea angustifolia DC. And Zingiber officinale roscoe in softgel capsules: pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects assessed by gene expression profiling. Phytomedicine 65:153090

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Dar PA, Singh LR, Kamal MA, Dar TA (2016) Unique medicinal properties of Withania somnifera: phytochemical constituents and protein component. Curr Pharm Des 22:535–540

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Das S, Singh VK, Dwivedy AK et al (2019) Antimicrobial activity, antiaflatoxigenic potential and in situ efficacy of novel formulation comprising of Apium graveolens essential oil and its major component. Pestic Biochem Physiol 160:102–111

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Davis L, Kuttan G (2000) Immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol 71:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00206-8

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Dhama K, Sachan S, Khandia R et al (2016) Medicinal and beneficial health applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): a miraculous herb countering various diseases/disorders and its immunomodulatory effects. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov 10:96–111

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Dora BB, Gupta S, Sital S, Pastore A (2018) Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa): a promising indigenous herbal drug and its effect on different disease conditions. Res Rev J Herb Sci 4:21–24

  Google Scholar 

• Dungca NTP (2016) Protective effect of the methanolic leaf extract of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.(Asteraceae) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. J Ethnopharmacol 184:18–21

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Elluru S, Duong Van Huyen J-P, Wootla B et al (2007) Tumor regressive effects of viscum album preparations exploration of immunomodulatory mechanisms. Medicina (B Aires) 67:85–89

  Google Scholar 

• Essaidi I, Brahmi Z, Snoussi A et al (2013) Phytochemical investigation of Tunisian Salicornia herbacea L., antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytochrome P450 (CYPs) inhibitory activities of its methanol extract. Food Control 32:125–133

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Fairweather-Tait SJ (1993) Bioavailability of nutrients. In: Macrae R, Robinson RK, Sadler MJ (eds) Encyclopedia of food science, food technology and nutrition. Academic Press, London, pp 384–388

  Google Scholar 

• Fallah-Rostami F, Tabari MA, Esfandiari B et al (2013) Immunomodulatory activity of aged garlic extract against implanted fibrosarcoma tumor in mice. N Am J Med Sci 5:207

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q et al (2012) Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malar J 11:268

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Feng S, Cheng H, Xu Z et al (2019) Antioxidant and anti-aging activities and structural elucidation of polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng root. Process Biochem 78:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.007

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Gallo M, Ferracane R, Naviglio D (2012) Antioxidant addition to prevent lipid and protein oxidation in chicken meat mixed with supercritical extracts of Echinacea angustifolia. J Supercrit Fluids 72:198–204

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Ghapanchi J, Bazargani A, Zariean A et al (2016) Evaluation of the anti-Streptococcus mutans potential of Petroselinum crispum, an in vitro study. European J Med Plants:1–8

  Google Scholar 

• Ghasemi HA, Kasani N, Taherpour K (2014) Effects of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.), a probiotic, a prebiotic and a synbiotic on growth performance, immune response and blood characteristics of male broilers. Livest Sci 164:128–134

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Girish KS, Machiah KD, Ushanandini S et al (2006) Antimicrobial properties of a non-toxic glycoprotein (WSG) from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). J Basic Microbiol 46:365–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200510108

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S et al (2020) Investigating 11 withanosides and withanolides by UHPLC-PDA and mass fragmentation studies from ashwagandha (withania somnifera). ACS Omega 5:27,933–27,943. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03266

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Gu SM, Yun J, Son DJ et al (2017) Piperlongumine attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Free Radic Biol Med 103:133–145

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Guardiola FA, Bahi A, Jiménez-Monreal AM et al (2018) Dietary administration effects of fenugreek seeds on skin mucosal antioxidant and immunity status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 75:357–364

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB (2013) Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J 15:195–218

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Gupta RA, Motiwala MN, Dumore NG et al (2015) Effect of piperine on inhibition of FFA induced TLR4 mediated inflammation and amelioration of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 164:239–246

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Gupta PK, Rajan MGR, Kulkarni S (2017) Activation of murine macrophages by G1-4A, a polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, in TLR4/MyD88 dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 50:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.025

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Güran M, Şanlıtürk G, Kerküklü NR et al (2019) Combined effects of quercetin and curcumin on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial parameters in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 859:172486

  Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Habib SHM, Makpol S, Hamid NAA et al (2008) Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics 63:807–813

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Hajhashemi V, Ghannadi A, Jafarabadi H (2004) Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent analgesic and antiinflammatory drug. Phyther Res An Int J Devoted to Pharmacol Toxicol Eval Nat Prod Deriv 18:195–199

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Hajimonfarednejad M, Ostovar M, Raee MJ et al (2019) Cinnamon: a systematic review of adverse events. Clin Nutr 38:594–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.013

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Hamman JH (2008) Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 13:1599–1616

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Han X, Parker TL (2017a) Antiinflammatory activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark essential oil in a human skin disease model. Phyther Res 31:1034–1038

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Han X, Parker TL (2017b) Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil significantly inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and impacts genome-wide gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Cogent Med 4:1308066

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Han F, Ma G, Yang M et al (2017) Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils from different parts of the oregano. J Zhejiang Univ B 18:79–84

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Han L, Bittner S, Dong D et al (2019) Creosote bush-derived NDGA attenuates molecular and pathological changes in a novel mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mol Cell Endocrinol 498:110538

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Hannen SK (2018) Anti-inflammatory and immune enhancing effects produced by plant based oils (chia seed oil, black cumin oil, and palm oil). Nutr Perspect J Counc Nutr 41

  Google Scholar 

• Haq A, Lobo PI, Al-Tufail M et al (1999) Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa proteins fractionated by ion exchange chromatography. Int J Immunopharmacol 21:283–295

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Jawahar S, Heo MS (2012) Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera supplementation diet in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 32:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.027

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Ho C-Y, Weng C-J, Jhang J-J et al (2014) Diallyl sulfide as a potential dietary agent to reduce TNF-$α$-and histamine-induced proinflammatory responses in a 7r5 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 58:1069–1078

  Google Scholar 

• Hossain MM, Begum M, Nyachoti CM et al (2015) Dietary fenugreek seed extract improves performance and reduces fecal E. coli counts and fecal gas emission in lactating sows and suckling piglets. Can J Anim Sci 95:561–568

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Ilango P, Suresh V, Vummidi AV et al (2019) Evaluation of antibacterial activity of lemongrass oil against oral clinical isolates--an in vitro study. Pharm J:11

  Google Scholar 

• Iuvone T, Esposito G, Capasso F, Izzo AA (2003) Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera in macrophages. Life Sci 72:1617–1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02472-4

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Jalali M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP et al (2020) The effects of ginger supplementation on markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Phyther Res 34:1723

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Jang Y-N, Baik EJ (2013) JAK-STAT pathway and myogenic differentiation. Jak-stat 2:e23282

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Jantan I, Ahmad W, Bukhari SNA (2015) Plant-derived immunomodulators: an insight on their preclinical evaluation and clinical trials. Front Plant Sci 6:655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00655

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Jeena K, Liju VB, Kuttan R (2013) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from ginger. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 57:51–62

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Jolad SD, Lantz RC, Chen GJ et al (2005) Commercially processed dry ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-stimulated PGE2 production. Phytochemistry 66:1614–1635

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Jovanovski E, Komishon A, Au-Yeung F et al (2020) Vascular effects of combined enriched Korean Red ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius) administration in individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 49:102338

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kalikar MV, Thawani VR, Varadpande UK et al (2008) Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Indian J Pharmacol 40:107

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Kang BY, Song YJ, Kim K-M et al (1999) Curcumin inhibits Th1 cytokine profile in CD4+ T cells by suppressing interleukin-12 production in macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 128:380–384

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Kathal R, Rawat P (2016) Immunity booster herbs and their conservation-a review. In: International conference on public health: issues, challenges, opportunities, prevention, awareness, pp 135–140

  Google Scholar 

• Kesharwani SS, Ahmad R, Bakkari MA, Rajput MKS, Dachineni R, Valiveti CK, Kapur S, Bhat GJ, Singh AB, Tummala H (2018) Site-directed non-covalent polymerdrug complexes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): formulation development characterization and pharmacological evaluation. J Control Release 290:165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.004

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA et al (2003) Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:3215–3218

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Khanal P, Duyu T, Dey YN et al (2020a) Network pharmacology of AYUSH recommended immune-boosting medicinal plants against COVID-19. J Ayurveda Integr Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.11.004

• Khanal P, Patil BM, Pasha I et al (2020b) Withanolides from Withania somnifera as an immune booster and theijr therapeutic option against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1869588

• Kimbaris AC, Siatis NG, Daferera DJ et al (2006) Comparison of distillation and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the isolation of sensitive aroma compounds from garlic (Allium sativum). Ultrason Sonochem 13:54–60

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1975) Indian medicinal plants. Periodical Experts, Dehradun, p 1103

  Google Scholar 

• Kong C-S, Im Lee J, Kim YA et al (2012) Evaluation on anti-adipogenic activity of flavonoid glucopyranosides from Salicornia herbacea. Process Biochem 47:1073–1078

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Krebs S, Omer TN, Omer B (2010) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) suppresses tumour necrosis factor alpha and accelerates healing in patients with Crohn’s disease--a controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine 17:305–309

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kumar S, Agnihotri N (2019) Piperlongumine, a piper alkaloid targets Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis to inhibit tumor cell growth and proliferation in DMH/DSS induced experimental colon cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 109:1462–1477

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kumar D, Arya V, Kaur R et al (2012) A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 45:165–184

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kumar R, Rai J, Kajal NC, Devi P (2018) Comparative study of effect of Withania somnifera as an adjuvant to DOTS in patients of newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 65:246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.05.005

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kumar J, Mitra MD, Hussain A, Kaul G (2019) Exploration of immunomodulatory and protective effect of Withania somnifera on trace metal oxide (zinc oxide nanoparticles) induced toxicity in Balb/c mice. Mol Biol Rep 46:2447–2459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04705-x

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Kumar A, Sawhney G, Kumar Nagar R et al (2021) Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of Bakuchiol using RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and in animal models stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Int Immunopharmacol 91(107264). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107264

• Kumari M, Gupta RP, Lather D, Bagri P (2020) Ameliorating effect of Withania somnifera root extract in Escherichia coli–infected broilers. Poult Sci 99:1875–1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.022

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Kuttan G (1996) Use of Withania somnifera Dunal as an adjuvant during radiation therapy. Indian J Exp Biol 34:854–856

  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Lantz RC, Chen GJ, Sarihan M et al (2007) The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine 14:123–128

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Li H, Gu L, Zhong Y et al (2016) Administration of polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng prolonged the survival of H22 tumor-bearing mice. Onco Targets Ther 9:3433–3441. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S79427

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Li A, Ni W, Zhang Q et al (2020) Effect of cinnamon essential oil on gut microbiota in the mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Microbiol Immunol 64:23–32

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Liu J, Wang S, Liu H et al (1995) Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 83:43–53

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Liu T, Wu H, Wu H, Zhang J (2019) Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) as a promising nematicidal and antifungal agent: chemical composition, comparison of extraction techniques and bioassay-guided isolation. Ind Crop Prod 133:295–303

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Liu S, Yang Y, Qu Y et al (2020) Structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng residue and its immunomodulatory activity on bone marrow dendritic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 161:797–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.117

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Liu J, Nile SH, Xu G, Wang Y, Kai G (2021) Systematic exploration of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax ginseng as immune regulators: insights from the comparative biological and computational analysis. Phytomedicine 86:153077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153077

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Madi YF, Choucry MA, El-Marasy SA et al (2020) UPLC-Orbitrap HRMS metabolic profiling of Cymbopogon citratus cultivated in Egypt; neuroprotective effect against AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 259:112930

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Mahassni SH, Bukhari OA (2019) Beneficial effects of an aqueous ginger extract on the immune system cells and antibodies, hematology, and thyroid hormones in male smokers and non-smokers. J Nutr Intermed Metab 15:10–17

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Majdalawieh AF, Carr RI (2010) In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Med Food 13:371–381

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Mali RG, Hatapakki BC (2008) An in vitro study of effect of Centella asiatica on phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol 1:297–302

  Google Scholar 

• Mandal SK, Das A, Dey S et al (2019) Bioactivities of Allicin and related organosulfur compounds from garlic: overview of the literature since 2010. Egypt J Chem 62:1–11

  Google Scholar 

• Mao Q-Q, Xu X-Y, Cao S-Y et al (2019) Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe). Foods 8:185

  Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Marrelli M, Russo N, Chiocchio I et al (2020) Potential use in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and obesity of selected wild edible plants from Calabria region (southern Italy). South African J Bot 128:304–311

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Maryam M, Te KK, Wong FC et al (2020) Antiviral activity of traditional Chinese medicinal plants Dryopteris crassirhizoma and Morus alba against dengue virus. J Integr Agric 19:1085–1096

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Matozzo V, Franchi N, Ballarin L (2014) In vitro effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, on the immune parameters of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Toxicol Vitr 28:778–783

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Maurya SP, Das BK, Singh R, Tyagi S (2019) Effect of Withania somnifer on CD38 expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes among patients of HIV infection. Clin Immunol 203:122–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.003

• Meghwal M, Goswami TK (2013) Piper nigrum and piperine: an update. Phyther Res 27:1121–1130

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Mohammadi A, Blesso CN, Barreto GE et al (2019) Macrophage plasticity, polarization and function in response to curcumin, a diet-derived polyphenol, as an immunomodulatory agent. J Nutr Biochem 66:1–16

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Mothibe ME, Kahler-Venter CP, Osuch E (2019) Evaluation of the in vitro effects of commercial herbal preparations significant in African traditional medicine on platelets. BMC Complement Altern Med 19:1–12

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Murthuza S, Manjunatha BK (2018) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory potency of Mesua ferrea, Saraca asoca, Viscum album & Anthocephalus cadamba in murine macrophages raw 264.7 cell lines and Wistar albino rats. Beni-Suef Univ J basic Appl Sci 7:719–723

  Google Scholar 

• Musenga A, Mandrioli R, Ferranti A et al (2007) Analysis of aromatic and terpenic constituents of pepper extracts by capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 30:612–619

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, Ogunboye AA, Akindahunsi AA (2010) Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2200–2205

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• de Oliveira Melo MN, Oliveira AP, Wiecikowski AF et al (2018) Phenolic compounds from Viscum album tinctures enhanced antitumor activity in melanoma murine cancer cells. Saudi Pharm J 26:311–322

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Opara EI, Chohan M (2014) Culinary herbs and spices: their bioactive properties, the contribution of polyphenols and the challenges in deducing their true health benefits. Int J Mol Sci 15:19183–19202

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Oyagbemi AA, Saba AB, Azeez OI (2010) Molecular targets of [6]-gingerol: its potential roles in cancer chemoprevention. Biofactors 36:169–178

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Oyebode OA, Erukainure OL, Chukwuma CI et al (2018) Boerhaavia diffusa inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes in vitro and in silico; and modulates abdominal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake ex vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 106:1116–1125

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Palliyaguru DL, Singh S V., Kensler TW (2016) Withania somnifera: from prevention to treatment of cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 60:1342–1353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500756

• Patel SB, Rao NJ, Hingorani LL (2016) Safety assessment of Withania somnifera extract standardized for Withaferin a: acute and sub-acute toxicity study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 7:30–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.08.001

• Paudel P, Seong SH, Wagle A et al (2020) Antioxidant and anti-browning property of 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from Morus alba Linn root bark. Food Chem 309:125739

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Percival SS (2016) Aged garlic extract modifies human immunity. J Nutr 146:433S–436S

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Porro C, Cianciulli A, Trotta T et al (2019) Curcumin regulates anti-inflammatory responses by JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. Biology (Basel) 8:51

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Prajapati S, Kumar NGV (2020) SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an opportunity for Indian traditional medicines (AYUSH). Int J Complement Alt Med 13:103–105

  Google Scholar 

• Proshkina E, Plyusnin S, Babak T et al (2020) Terpenoids as Potential Geroprotectors Antioxidants 9:529

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Radulović NS, Dekić MS, Ran\djelović PJ, et al (2012) Toxic essential oils: anxiolytic, antinociceptive and antimicrobial properties of the yarrow Achillea umbellata Sibth. Et Sm.(Asteraceae) volatiles. Food Chem Toxicol 50:2016–2026

  Google Scholar 

• Raksamiharja R, Sy K, Novarina A et al (2012) Elettaria cardamomum distillate increases cellular immunity in doxorubicin treated rats. Indones J Cancer Chemoprevention 3:437–443

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ramesh HP, Yamaki K, Tsushida T (2002) Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) galactomannan fractions on phagocytosis in rat macrophages and on proliferation and IgM secretion in HB4C5 cells. Carbohydr Polym 50:79–83

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Rodrigues LB, Martins AOBPB, Cesário FRAS et al (2016) Anti-inflammatory and antiedematogenic activity of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its main compound estragole: in vivo mouse models. Chem Biol Interact 257:14–25

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Rong X, Peng G, Suzuki T, et al (2009) A 35-day gavage safety assessment of ginger in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 54:118–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.002

• Saadat S, Mohammadi M, Fallahi M et al (2015) The protective effect of $α$-hederin, the active constituent of Nigella sativa, on tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized Guinea pigs. J Physiol Sci 65:285–292

  Google Scholar 

• Sachan S, Dhama K, Latheef SK, et al (2019) Immunomodulatory potential of tinospora cordifolia and CpG ODN (TLR21 agonist) against the very virulent, infectious bursal disease virus in SPF chicks. Vaccine 7:1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030106

• Saeed M, Naveed M, Leskovec J, et al (2020) Using Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) as an eco-friendly feed supplement in human and poultry nutrition. Poult Sci 99:801–811. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.051

• Sahal G, Woerdenbag HJ, Hinrichs WLJ et al (2020) Antifungal and biofilm inhibitory effect of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil on biofilm forming by Candida tropicalis isolates; an in vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol 246:112188

  Google Scholar 

• Samuel DS, Priyadarshoni SP (2019) Echinacea purpurea-A potent medicinal herb. Drug Invent Today:11

  Google Scholar 

• Sandeep BP, Naiwade NS, Magdum C (2009) Review on phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Asian J Pharm Res Heal Care 1

  Google Scholar 

• Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM (2015) Gingerols and shogaols: important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 117:554–568

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Shakila RJ, Vasundhara TS, Rao DV (1996) Inhibitory effect of spices on in vitro histamine production and histidine decarboxylase activity ofMorganella morganii and on the biogenic amine formation in mackerel stored at 30° C. Zeitschrift für Leb und Forsch 203:71–76

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Shanbhag T, Shenoy S, Rao MC (2005) Wound healing profile of Tinospora cordifolia. Indian Drugs 42:217–221

  Google Scholar 

• Shang A, Cao S-Y, Xu X-Y et al (2019) Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods:8:246

  Google Scholar 

• Shantilal S, Vaghela JS, Sisodia SS (2018) Review on immunomodulation and immunomodulatory activity of some medicinal plant. Eur J Biomed 5:163–174

  Google Scholar 

• Sharififar F, Pournourmohammadi S, Arabnejad M (2009) Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch in mice

  Google Scholar 

• Sharma A, Lee H-J (2020) Ginsenoside compound K: insights into recent studies on pharmacokinetics and health-promoting activities. Biomol Ther 10:1028

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Sharma RD, Sarkar A, Hazra DK et al (1996) Hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds: a chronic study in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Phyther Res 10:332–334

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N et al (2012) Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol 141:918–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.027

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Shebbo S, El Joumaa M, Kawach R, Borjac J (2020) Hepatoprotective effect of Matricaria chamomilla aqueous extract against 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenic hepatic damage in mice. Heliyon 6:e04082

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Shen C-Y, Jiang J-G, Yang L et al (2017) Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 174:1395–1425

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Shimizu K, Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y et al (2019) Anti-inflammatory action of curcumin and its use in the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. Eur Cardiol Rev 14:117

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Shishehbor F, Rezaeyan Safar M, Rajaei E, Haghighizadeh MH (2018) Cinnamon consumption improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr 37:685–690

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Siddiqui NA, Singh S, Siddiquei MM et al (2012) Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus and Picrorhiza kurroa roots. Int J Pharmacol 8:108–114

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sikarwar MS, Patil MB, Sharma S, Bhat V (2010) Aloe vera: plant of immortality IJPSR 1:7–10

  Google Scholar 

• Singh S, Byadgi PS, Tripathi JS, Rai NP (2015) Clinical appraisal of immunomodulators in Ayurveda in the light of recent pharmacological advances. World J Pharm Res 4(4):678–692

  Google Scholar 

• Singh N, Tailang M, Mehta SC (2016) A review on herbal plants as immunomodulators. Int J Pharm Sci Res 7:3602

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• South EH, Exon JH, Hendrix K (1997) Dietary curcumin enhances antibody response in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 19:105–119

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• de Souza Reis LSL, Frazatti-Gallina NM, de Lima PR et al (2008) Efficiency of Matricaria chamomilla CH12 and number of doses of rabies vaccine on the humoral immune response in cattle. J Vet Sci 9:433–435

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Sreeja S, Sreeja S (2009) An in vitro study on antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 126:221–225

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Srinivasan K (2014) Antioxidant potential of spices and their active constituents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 54:352–372

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Srinivasan K (2019) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds used as functional food supplements to derive diverse health benefits. In: Nonvitamin and nonmineral nutritional supplements. Elsevier, pp 217–221

  Google Scholar 

• Suresh D, Manjunatha H, Srinivasan K (2007) Effect of heat processing of spices on the concentrations of their bioactive principles: turmeric (Curcuma longa), red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and black pepper (Piper nigrum). J Food Compos Anal 20:346–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.10.002

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Surh Y-J (1999) Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen 428:305–327

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Talib WH (2017) Consumption of garlic and lemon aqueous extracts combination reduces tumor burden by angiogenesis inhibition, apoptosis induction, and immune system modulation. Nutrition 43:89–97

  Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Tanasawet S, Boonruamkaew P, Sukketsiri W, Chonpathompikunlert P (2017) Anxiolytic and free radical scavenging potential of Chinese celery (Apium graveolens) extract in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7:20–26

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tekeoglu I, Dogan A, Demiralp L (2008) Effects of Thymoquinone (volatile oil of black cumin) on rheumatoid arthritis in rat models. Phyther Res 22:544–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tjendraputra E, Tran VH, Liu-Brennan D et al (2001) Effect of ginger constituents and synthetic analogues on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme in intact cells. Bioorg Chem 29:156–163

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Upadhyay J, Kesharwani RK, Misra K (2009) Comparative study of antioxidants as cancer preventives through inhibition of HIF-1 alpha activity. Bioinformation 4(6):233–236. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630004233

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Upadhyay A, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra H (2010) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi)—validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies. Int J Ayurveda Res 1:112. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.64405

  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Vaghasiya J, Datani M, Nandkumar K et al (2010) Comparative evaluation of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity. Int J pharm. Biol Res 1:25e9

  Google Scholar 

• Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ (2011) Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol 29:235–271

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Vijayakumar S, Vinayagam R, Anand MAV et al (2020) Green synthesis of gold nanoparticle using Eclipta alba and its antidiabetic activities through regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreatic cell line. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol:101786

  Google Scholar 

• Vilahur G, Casaní L, Peña E et al (2018) Silybum marianum provides cardioprotection and limits adverse remodeling post-myocardial infarction by mitigating oxidative stress and reactive fibrosis. Int J Cardiol 270:28–35

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Wang B, Zhang Y, Huang J et al (2017a) Anti-inflammatory activity and chemical composition of dichloromethane extract from Piper nigrum and P. longum on permanent focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn 27:369–374

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Wang H, Xu Z, Li X et al (2017b) Extraction, preliminary characterization and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides from the testa of Salicornia herbacea. Carbohydr Polym 176:99–106

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Wang H, Xu X, Yin Z et al (2021) Activation of RAW264. 7 cells by PCp-I, a polysaccharide from Psoralea corylifolia L, through NF-$κ$ B/MAPK signalling pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol:35, 20587384211010056

  Google Scholar 

• Xu J, Chu Y, Liao B et al (2017) Panax ginseng genome examination for ginsenoside biosynthesis. Gigascience 6:gix093

  Google Scholar 

• Xu H, Niu Y, Hong W et al (2020) Development of a water-in-oil-in-water adjuvant for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine based on ginseng stem-leaf saponins as an immune booster. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis:101499

  Google Scholar 

• Yadav VS, Mishra KP, Singh DP et al (2005) Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 27:485–497

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Yang L, Li C-L, Tsai T-H (2020) Preclinical herb--drug pharmacokinetic interaction of panax ginseng extract and selegiline in freely moving rats. ACS omega 5:4682–4688

  Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Yao D, Zhang B, Zhu J et al (2019) Advances on application of fenugreek seeds as functional foods: pharmacology, clinical application, products, patents and market. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr:1–11

  Google Scholar 

• Yatoo M, Gopalakrishnan A, Saxena A et al (2018) Anti-inflammatory drugs and herbs with special emphasis on herbal medicines for countering inflammatory diseases and disorders-a review. Recent Patents Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 12:39–58

  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Yimam M, Lee Y-C, Moore B et al (2016) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of UP1304, a botanical composite containing standardized extracts of Curcuma longa and Morus alba. J Integr Med 14:60–68

  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• You S, Nakanishi E, Kuwata H et al (2013) Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of garlic organosulfur compounds on the production of inflammatory mediators. Mol Nutr Food Res 57:2049–2060

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zahiruddin S, Basist P, Parveen A et al (2020) Ashwagandha in brain disorders: a review of recent developments. J Ethnopharmacol 257:112876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112876

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zare R, Nadjarzadeh A, Zarshenas MM et al (2019) Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 38:549–556

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zhang W, Liu X, Jiang Y et al (2019) 6-Gingerol attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell apoptosis in human AC16 cardiomyocytes through HMGB2-JNK1/2-NF-κB pathway. Evid-Based Complement Alternat Med 2019:8798653

  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Zhao C, Sun J, Fang C, Tang F (2014) 1, 8-cineol attenuates LPS-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Inflammation 37:566–572

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zhu SY, Jiang N, Jie TU et al (2017) Antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Silybum Marianum protein hydrolysate in mice treated with D-galactose. Biomed Environ Sci 30:623–631

  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zhu H, Hu M, Wang D et al (2020) Mixed polysaccharides derived from shiitake mushroom, Poriacocos, ginger, and tangerine peel enhanced protective immune responses in mice induced by inactivated influenza vaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 126:110049

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Zia T, Hasnain SN, Hasan SK (2001) Evaluation of the oral hypoglycaemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.(methi) in normal mice. J Ethnopharmacol 75:191–195

  Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references