Abstract
Reverse pharmacology approach reduces the three major bottlenecks of drug discovery. In India this approach is pioneered with the traditional basis of ayurveda. In reverse pharmacology, traditional drugs which have good efficacy and lesser side effects are chosen as a starting material for drug development. The major issue with the traditional drugs is they are polycomponent in nature with variety of biological nature. It is difficult to identify the components responsible for therapeutic action and their mechanism of action. In recent days various approaches are proposed to solve this issue. In India many hits and leads are developed from ayurvedic drugs using this approach. But still those leads remain at research level and do not reach market due to inadequate involvement from pharma industries. Various initiatives have been taken to bridge this gap. Further various strategies are suggested by Indian researchers to improve the methodology and to effectively utilize this approach for drug discovery.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- APE:
-
Ayurvedic pharmacoepidemiology
- RP:
-
Reverse pharmacology
References
Amin AH, Subbaiah TV, Abbassi KM (1969) Berberine sulfate: antimicrobial activity, bioassay and mode of action. Can J Microbiol 15:1067–1076
Anis NA, Berry SC, Burton NR, Lodge D (1983) The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methyl-aspartate. Br J Pharmacol 79:565–575
Antarkar D, Vaidya A, Doshi J, Athavale A, Vinchoo K, Natekar M, Tathed MR, Ramesh PS, Kale V (1980) A double-blind clinical trial of arogyavardhini-an Ayurvedic drug in acute viral hepatitis. Indian J Med Res 72:588–593
Atal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J (1985) Biochemical basis of enhance drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232(1):258–262
Chandra D, Gupta SS (1972) Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of volatile oil of Curcuma longa (Haldi). Indian J Med Res 60:138–142
Chorghade MS, Dolphin DH, Dupre D, Hill DR, Lee EC, Wijesekara TP (1996a) Improved protocols for the synthesis and halogenation of sterically hindered metalloporphyrins. Synthesis 11:1320–1324
Chorghade MS, Dolphin DH, Hill DR, Hino F, Lee EC, Zhang LY, Pariza JR (1996b) Metalloporphyrins as chemical mimics of cytochrome P-450 systems. Pure Appl Chem 68(3):753–756
Collins M Jr (2010) Future trends in microwave synthesis. Future Med Chem 2(2):151–155
Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2005) Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J Ethnopharmacol 100(1-2):72–79
Dahanukar S, Thatte U, Pai N, More P, Karandikar S (1988) Immunotherapeutic modification by Tinospora cordifolia of abdominal sepsis induced by caecal ligation in rats. Indian J Gastroenterol 7:21–23
Das B, Tandon V, Lyndem LM, Grey AI, Ferro VA (2009) Phytochemicals from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) and Stephania glabra (Menispermaceae) alter cGMP concentration on the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida. Comp Biochem Pysiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 149:397–402
Davis L, Kuttan G (1998) Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity by Withania somnifera extract in mice. J Ethnopharmcol 62(3):209–214
de la Hoz A, Diaz-Ortiz A, Moreno A (2005) Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects. Chem Soc Rev 34(2):164–178
Dong M, Sitkovsky M, Kallmerten A, Jones G (2008) Synthesis of 8-substituted xanthines via 5,6-diaminouracils: an efficient route to A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Tetrahedron Lett 49(31):4633–4635
Gordaliza M (2009) Terpenyl-purines from the sea. Mar Drugs 7(4):833–849
Holmstedt B (1972) The ordeal bean of old Calabar: the pageant of Physostigma venenosum in medicine. In: Swain T (ed) Plants in the development of modern medicine. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 303–360
Huber R, Jones G (1992) Acceleration of the orthoester Claisen rearrangement by clay catalyzed microwave thermolysis: expeditious route to bicyclic lactones. J Org Chem 57(21):5778–5780
Jones G, Chapman B (1993) Decarboxylation of indole-2-carboxylic acids: improved procedures. J Org Chem 58(20):5558–5559
Jones G, Mathews J (1997) Bifunctional antitumor agents. Derivatives of pyrrolo[9, 10-b] phenanthrene—a DNA intercalative delivery template. Tetrahedron 53(43):14599–14614
Kallmerten A, Jones G (2010) Microwave accelerated synthesis of PET image contrast agents for AD research. Curr Alzheimer Res 7(3):251–254
Klayman DL (1985) Qinghaosu (artemisinin): an antimalarial drug from China. Science 228:1049–1055
Kong W, Wei J, Abidi P, Lin M, Inaba S, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Si S, Pan H, Wang S, Wu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu J, Jiang JD (2004) Berberine is a novel cholesterol lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins. Nat Med 10(12):1344–1351
LaBeaume P, Placzek M, Daniels M, Kendrick I, Ng P, McNeel M et al (2010) Microwave-accelerated fluorodenitrations and nitrodehalogenations: expeditious routes to labeled PET ligands and fluoropharmaceuticals. Tetrahedron Lett 51(14):1906–1909
Lee JA, Uhlik MT, Moxham CM, Tomandl D, Sall DJ (2012) Modern phenotypic drug discovery is a viable, neoclassic pharma strategy. J Med Chem 55:4527–4538
Lewis WH (2003) Pharmaceutical discoveries based on ethnomedicinal plants: 1985 to 2000 and beyond. Econ Bot 57(1):126–134
Li-Weber M (2009) New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 35:57–68
Ma D, Lin Y, Xiao Z, Kappen L, Goldberg I, Kallmerten A et al (2009) Designed DNA probes from the neocarzinostatin family: impact of glycosyl linkage stereochemistry on bulge base binding. Bioorg Med Chem 17(6):2428–2432
Martin WR (1983) Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol Rev 35:283–323
Mashelkar RA (2003) Chitrakoot declaration, convention of National Botanical Research Institute, published by NBRI, Lucknow
Moghaddam B (2003) Bringing order to the glutamate chaos in schizophrenia. Neuron 40:881–884
O’Connell D, Roblin D (2006) Translational research in the pharmaceutical industry: from bench to bedside. Drug Discov Today 11:833–838
Olney JW (2003) Excitotoxicity, apoptosis and neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 3(1):101–109
Padma TV (2005) Ayurveda: outlook. Nature 436:486
Pandey MM, Rastogi S, Rawat AKS (2008) Indian herbal drug for general healthcare: an overview. J Alternat Med 6(1):1–12
Patwardhan B (2012) The quest for evidence-based Ayurveda: lessons learned. Curr Sci 102(10):1406–1417
Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB (2010) Natural products drug discovery: accelerating the clinical candidate development using reverse pharmacology approaches. Indian J Exp Biol 48:220–227
Patwardhan B, Vaidhya ADB, Chorghade M (2004) Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Curr Sci 86:789–799
Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB, Chorghade M, Joshi PS (2008) Reverse pharmacology and systems approaches for drug discovery and development. Curr Bioact Comp 4(4):201–212
Raut A (2013) Scope and potential of integrative medicine in current healthcare scenario’ in conference Samyukti 2013, an evidence-based approach to integrating Ayurveda and Allopathy, organized by MS Ramaiah Academy of Health and Applied Sciences, and Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore
Raut AA, Chorghade MS, Ashok DB (2011) Reverse pharmacology. In: Kapetanovic IM (ed) Drug discovery and development—present and future, 1st edn. Janeza Trdine, Croatia, pp 88–126
Satyavati GV, Dwarkanath C, Tripathi SN (1969) Experimental studies on the hypocholesterolemic effect of Commiphora mukul Engl. (Guggul). Indian J Med Res 57:1950–1952
Seamon KB, Padgett W, Daly JW (1981) Forskolin: unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and in intact cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78(6):3363–3367
Sen G, Bose K (1931) Rauwolfia serpentina, a new Indian drug for insanity and hypertension. Indian M World 21:194–201
Torregrossa J, Bubley G, Jones G (2006) Microwave expedited synthesis of 5-aminocamptothecin analogs: inhibitors of hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1alpha. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16(23):6082–6085
Vaidya ADB (2006) Reverse pharmacological correlates of Ayurvedic drug actions. Ind J Pharmacol 38(5):311–315
Vaidya RA, Aloorkar SD, Sheth AR, Pandya SK (1978) Activity of bromoergocryptine, mucuna pruriens and L-dopa in the control of hyperprolactinaemia. Neurol India 26:179–182
Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS, Doshi JC, Bhatt AD, Ramesh V, Vora PV, Perissond D, Baxi AJ, Kale PM (1996) Picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) Royle ex Benth as a hepatoprotective agent-experimental and clinical studies. J Postgrad Med 42:105–108
Vaidya RA, Vaidya ADB, Patwardhan B, Tillu G, Rao Y (2003) Ayurvedic Pharmacoepidemiology: a proposed new discipline. J Assoc Phys India 51:528–531
Ved HS, Koenig ML, Dave JR (1997) Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for dementia, reduces neuronal cell death caused by glutamate. Neuroreport 8(4):963–968
Verpoorte R, Choi YH, Kim HK (2005) Ethnopharmacology and system biology: a perfect holistic match. J Ethnopharmacol 100(1–2):53–56
Xiangming L, Su C, Zhou S, Lisi W, Ming G (2014) The development and application of methodology of reverse pharmacology illustrated with the research on analgesic effect of Resina Draconis. J Homeop Ayurv Med 3(3):1–7
Zukin SR, Zukin RS (1979) Specific [3H]phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76(10):5372–5376
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suba, V. (2021). Reverse Pharmacology: A Tool for Drug Discovery from Traditional Medicine. In: Mandal, S.C., Chakraborty, R., Sen, S. (eds) Evidence Based Validation of Traditional Medicines. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8127-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8127-4_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8126-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8127-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)