The Male Face

1. Cosmetic Surgery Gender Distribution. https://www.plasticsurgery.org/documents/News/Statistics/2020/cosmetic-procedures-men-2020.pdf

2. Farhadian JA, Bloom BS, Brauer JA. Male aesthetics: a review of facial anatomy and pertinent clinical implications. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(9):1029–34.

   CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

3. Nusbaum B, Fuentefria S. Naturally occurring female hairline patterns. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(6):907–13.

   Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

4. Unger WP, Shapiro RS, editors. Hair transplantation. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2004. p. 151–63.

   Google Scholar 

5. Whitaker LA, Morales L Jr, Farkas LG. Aesthetic surgery of the supraorbital ridge and forehead structures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78(1):23–32.

   Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

6. Dempf R, Eckert AW. Contouring the forehead and rhinoplasty in the feminization of the face in male-to-female transsexuals. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2010;38(6):416–22.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

7. Russell MD, Brown T, Garn SM, et al. The supraorbital torus. Curr Anthropol. 1985;26:337–60.

   Article  Google Scholar 

8. Gunter JP, Antrobus SD. Aesthetic analysis of the eyebrows. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99(7):1808–16.

   Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

9. Freund RM, Nolan WB 3rd. Correlation between brow lift outcomes and aesthetic ideals for eyebrow height and shape in females. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97(7):1343–8.

   Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

10. Goldstein SM, Katowitz JA. The male eyebrow: a topographic anatomic analysis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21(4):285–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

11. Pretorius E, Steyn M, Scholtz Y. Investigation into the usability of geometric morphometric analysis in assessment of sexual dimorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006;129(1):64–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

12. Kaplanoglu V, Kaplanoglu H, Toprak U, Parlak IS, Tatar IG, Deveer M, Hekimoglu B. Anthropometric measurements of the orbita and gender prediction with three-dimensional computed tomography images. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2014;73(2):149–52. https://doi.org/10.5603/FM.2014.0022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

13. Most SP, Mobley SR, Larrabee WF Jr. Anatomy of the eyelids. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):487–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

14. Byrd HS, Hobar PC. Rhinoplasty: a practical guide for surgical planning. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;91:642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

15. Loomis A. Drawing the head and hands. New York: Viking Press; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

16. Daniel RK. Rhinoplasty and the male patient. Clin Plast Surg. 1991;18:751.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

17. Swift A. The mathematics of facial beauty. In: Jones D, editor. Injectable fillers: principles and practice. Chichester, West Sussex, Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Pub; 2010. p. 140.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

18. Koudelova J, Bruzek J, Caganova V, Krajicek V, Veleminska J. Development of facial sexual dimorphism in children aged between 12 and 15 years: a three-dimensional longitudinal study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2015;18(3):175–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

19. Sharma V, Ingle NA, Kaur N, Yadav P. Identification of sex using lip prints: a clinical study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2014;4(Suppl. 3):S173–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.149030.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

20. De Menezes M, Rosati R, Baga I, Mapelli A, Sforza C. Three-dimensional analysis of labial morphology: effect of sex and age. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;40(8):856–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

21. Rohrich RJ, Janis JE, Kenkel JM. Male rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(4):1071–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

22. Olayemi AB. Assessment and determination of human mandibular and dental arch profiles in subjects with lower third molar impaction in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2011;1(2):126–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

23. Thayer ZM, Dobson SD. Sexual dimorphism in chin shape: implications for adaptive hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;143(3):417–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

24. Pessa JE, Slice DE, Hanz KR, Broadbent TH Jr, Rohrich RJ. Aging and the shape of the mandible. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(1):196–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

25. Giacomoni PU, Mammone T, Teri M. Gender-linked differences in human skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55(3):144–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

26. Jacobi U, Gautier J, Sterry W, Lademann J. Gender-related differences in the physiology of the stratum corneum. Dermatology. 2005;211(4):312–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

27. Sjostrom L, Smith U, Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P. Cellularity in different regions of adipose tissue in young men and women. Metabolism. 1972;21(12):1143–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

28. Mayrovitz HN, Regan MB. Gender differences in facial skin blood perfusion during basal and heated conditions determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. Microvasc Res. 1993;45(2):211–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

29. Moretti G, Ellis RA, Mescon H. Vascular patterns in the skin of the face. J Invest Dermatol. 1959;33:103–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

30. Weeden JC, Trotman CA, Faraway JJ. Three dimensional analysis of facial movement in normal adults: influence of sex and facial shape. Angle Orthod. 2001;71(2):132–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references