Introduction: The Problem of Solar-Terrestrial Relations

Among the modern directions of cosmophysics one of the most important places is occupied by the physics of the Sun. First of all, we are strongly interested in the characteristics of the Sun as a star (structure, chemical composition, energy source, structure and dynamics of its atmosphere, corona expansion and solar wind). Further, a number of energetic phenomena (disturbances) in the solar atmosphere (named Solar Activity, or SA) are of great interest: solar wind, spots, flares, filaments, prominences, coronal holes, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and fluxes of accelerated particles (solar energetic particles, or SEPs, or solar cosmic rays-SCR). The geophysical consequences of these phenomena (magnetic storms, radiation storms, auroras, disturbances of the ionosphere, etc.) constitute the essence of the problem of solar-terrestrial connections, or the problem of “Sun-Earth” (Fig. 1.1). One can see that between the Sun and the Geosphere there are some certain relations that are characterized by multiplicity and superposition of different factors.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Troitsk, Russia

   Leonty Miroshnichenko

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