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Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology of Cancer

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Handbook of Cancer and Immunology

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Abstract

In the era of targeted cancer therapy, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene alterations must be detected by pathologists for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. The interdisciplinary ONCOTEAM should be able to decide the best therapeutic approach for any patient based on their clinicopathologic factors, histologic aspects, IHC profile, and DNA/RNA information. This chapter was based on data from the literature and experience of two pathologists in the daily diagnosis of cancer. Tissue assessment (from surgical or endoscopic removal and grossing in the Pathology Department to histology), IHC, and molecular determinations were discussed for the most common cancer types that are eligible for molecular targeted therapy. This chapter aims to serve as a guide for using tissue to confer its best predictive value. For any cancer, the particularities of tissue examination and pre-analytical steps were also presented.

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Abbreviations

ACRG:

Asian Cancer Research Group

AFAP:

Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis

AFP:

Alpha fetoprotein

ALK:

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

ASCO:

American Society of Clinical Oncology

BC:

Breast cancer

CAP:

College of American Pathologists

CDX2:

Caudal-type homeobox 2

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CIMP-H:

CpG island methylator phenotype-high

CIN:

chromosomal instability

CISH:

Chromogen in situ hybridization

CK:

Cytokeratin

CPI:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

CPS:

Combined positive score

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

ctDNA:

Circulating tumor DNA

d-MMR:

Deficient mismatch repair

EBER:

Epstein-Barr encoding region

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EMT:

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

ER:

Estrogen receptors

FAP:

Familial adenomatous polyposis

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FF:

Formalin fixation

FFPE:

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue

FGFR:

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

G1–3:

Histological grade of differentiation

GC:

Gastric cancer

GIST:

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HDGC:

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer

HE:

Hematoxylin and eosin

HER-2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

IDH1:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP (+)) 1, cytosolic

IDH2:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP (+)) 2, mitochondrial

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

ISH:

In situ hybridization

ITBCC:

International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference

LS:

Lynch syndrome

M1:

Presence of distant metastases

MAP:

MUTYH-associated polyposis

MAPK/MEK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MET:

Mesenchymal epithelial transition

MLH-1:

mutL homolog 1

MMR:

Universal DNA mismatch repair system

MSH-2:

mutS homolog 2

MSH-6:

mutS homolog 6

MSI:

Microsatellite instability

MSI-H:

Microsatellite instability – high

MSI-L:

Microsatellite instability – low

MSS:

Microsatellite stable status

mTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase

NCCN:

National Comprehensive Cancer Network

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

NOS:

Not otherwise specified

NSCLC:

Non-small cell lung cancer

NTRK:

Neurotropin receptor kinase

PARP:

Poly ADP-ribose polymerase

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PD-1:

Programmed cell death protein-1

PDGFR:

Platelet derived growth factor receptor

PD-L1:

Programmed death ligand 1

PKCθ:

c-theta protein

p-MMR:

Proficient mismatch repair

PMS-2:

PMS1 homolog 2

POLE:

Polymerase epsilon

PR:

Progesterone receptors

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

ROS1:

ROS proto-oncogene 1

SATB:

Special AT-rich sequence binding protein-2

SDH:

Succinate dehydrogenase

TCGA:

Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium

TILs:

T-cell infiltration (tumor infiltration lymphocytes)

TKIs:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

TMB:

Tumor mutation burden

TNBC:

Triple negative breast cancer

TPS:

Tumor proportion score

VEGFR :

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

The elaboration of this chapter was partially supported by the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, No. 20 PCCF/2018. The English proofreading was done by Cambridge Proofreading LLC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu-Mures, Romania

    Simona Gurzu & Ioan Jung

Authors
  1. Simona Gurzu
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  2. Ioan Jung
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden

    Nima Rezaei

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Gurzu, S., Jung, I. (2022). Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology of Cancer. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Handbook of Cancer and Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_128-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_128-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80962-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80962-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences

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