Abstract
Defining the cell-specific alternative splicing landscape in complex tissues is an important goal to gain functional insights. Deep-sequencing techniques coupled to genetic strategies for cell identification has provided important cues on cell-specific exon usage in complex tissues like the nervous system. BaseScope™ has emerged as a powerful and highly sensitive alternative to in situ hybridization to determine exon composition in tissue with spatial and morphological context. In this protocol, we will review how BaseScope was utilized to detect the e37a-Cacna1b splice variant of the presynaptic calcium channel CaV2.2 or N-type. This splice variant arises from a pair of mutually exclusive exons (e37a and e37b). E37a-Cacna1b is heavily underrepresented relative to e37b-Cacna1b and both exons share 60% of their sequence. By using BaseScope™, we were able to discover that e37a-Cacna1b is expressed in excitatory pyramidal neurons of hippocampus and cortex, as well as motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baralle FE, Giudice J (2017) Alternative splicing as a regulator of development and tissue identity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18:437
Rodriguez JM, Pozo F, di Domenico T, Vazquez J, Tress ML (2020) An analysis of tissue-specific alternative splicing at the protein level. PLoS Comput Biol 16:e1008287
Ule J, Blencowe BJ (2019) Alternative splicing regulatory networks: functions, mechanisms, and evolution. Mol Cell 76:329–345
Lee Y, Rio DC (2015) Mechanisms and regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Annu Rev Biochem 84:291–323
Lipscombe D, Lopez Soto EJ (2019) Alternative splicing of neuronal genes: new mechanisms and new therapies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 57:26–31
Lipscombe D, Andrade A, Allen SE (2013) Alternative splicing: functional diversity among voltage-gated calcium channels and behavioral consequences. Biochim Biophys Acta 1828:1522–1529
Grabowski PJ, Black DL (2001) Alternative RNA splicing in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 65:289–308
Lee CJ, Irizarry K (2003) Alternative splicing in the nervous system: an emerging source of diversity and regulation. Biol Psychiatry 54:771–776
Raj B, Blencowe BJ (2015) Alternative splicing in the mammalian nervous system: recent insights into mechanisms and functional roles. Neuron 87:14–27
Arzalluz-Luque Á, Conesa A (2018) Single-cell RNAseq for the study of isoforms—how is that possible. Genome Biol 19:1–19
Bao S, Moakley DF, Zhang C (2019) The splicing code goes deep. Cell 176:414–416
Feng H, Moakley DF, Chen S, McKenzie MG, Menon V, Zhang C (2021) Complexity and graded regulation of neuronal cell type-specific alternative splicing revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. bioRxiv
Weyn-Vanhentenryck SM, Feng H, Ustianenko D, Duffié R, Yan Q, Jacko M, Martinez JC, Goodwin M, Zhang X, Hengst U, Lomvardas S, Swanson MS, Zhang C (2018) Precise temporal regulation of alternative splicing during neural development. Nat Commun 9:2189
Guo X, Zhao Y, Nguyen H, Liu T, Wang Z, Lou H (2018) Quantitative analysis of alternative Pre-mRNA splicing in mouse brain sections using RNA in situ hybridization assay. J Vis Exp
Wang F, Flanagan J, Su N, Wang LC, Bui S, Nielson A, Wu X, Vo HT, Ma XJ, Luo Y (2012) RNAscope: a novel in situ RNA analysis platform for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Mol Diagn 14:22–29
Wang Z, Portier BP, Gruver AM, Bui S, Wang H, Su N, Vo H-T, Ma X-J, Luo Y, Budd GT (2013) Automated quantitative RNA in situ hybridization for resolution of equivocal and heterogeneous ERBB2 (HER2) status in invasive breast carcinoma. J Mol Diagn 15:210–219
Nanou E, Catterall WA (2018) Calcium channels, synaptic plasticity, and neuropsychiatric disease. Neuron 98:466–481
Saegusa H, Kurihara T, Zong S, Kazuno A, Matsuda Y, Nonaka T, Han W, Toriyama H, Tanabe T (2001) Suppression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain symptoms in mice lacking the N-type Ca2+ channel. EMBO J 20:2349–2356
Kim C, Jeon D, Kim YH, Lee CJ, Kim H, Shin HS (2009) Deletion of N-type Ca(2+) channel Ca(v)2.2 results in hyperaggressive behaviors in mice. J Biol Chem 284:2738–2745
Zamponi GW (2016) Targeting voltage-gated calcium channels in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 15:19–34
Lipscombe D, Allen SE, Toro CP (2013) Control of neuronal voltage-gated calcium ion channels from RNA to protein. Trends Neurosci 36:598–609
Raingo J, Castiglioni AJ, Lipscombe D (2007) Alternative splicing controls G protein-dependent inhibition of N-type calcium channels in nociceptors. Nat Neurosci 10:285–292
Andrade A, Denome S, Jiang YQ, Marangoudakis S, Lipscombe D (2010) Opioid inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels and spinal analgesia couple to alternative splicing. Nat Neurosci 13:1249–1256
Jiang YQ, Andrade A, Lipscombe D (2013) Spinal morphine but not ziconotide or gabapentin analgesia is affected by alternative splicing of voltage-gated calcium channel CaV2.2 pre-mRNA. Mol Pain 9:67
Gandini MA, Souza IA, Raval D, Xu J, Pan YX, Zamponi GW (2019) Differential regulation of Cav2.2 channel exon 37 variants by alternatively spliced μ-opioid receptors. Mol Brain 12:98
Bunda A, LaCarubba B, Bertolino M, Akiki M, Bath K, Lopez-Soto J, Lipscombe D, Andrade A (2019) Cacna1b alternative splicing impacts excitatory neurotransmission and is linked to behavioral responses to aversive stimuli. Mol Brain 12:81
Bell TJ, Thaler C, Castiglioni AJ, Helton TD, Lipscombe D (2004) Cell-specific alternative splicing increases calcium channel current density in the pain pathway. Neuron 41:127–138
Castiglioni AJ, Raingo J, Lipscombe D (2006) Alternative splicing in the C-terminus of CaV2.2 controls expression and gating of N-type calcium channels. J Physiol 576:119–134
López Soto EJ, Lipscombe D (2020) Cell-specific exon methylation and CTCF binding in neurons regulate calcium ion channel splicing and function. eLife 9:e54879
Bunda A, LaCarubba B, Akiki M, Andrade A (2019) Tissue- and cell-specific expression of a splice variant in the II-III cytoplasmic loop of Cacna1b. FEBS Open Bio 9:1603–1616
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by NIMH grant R00-MH099405.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Bunda, A., Andrade, A. (2022). BaseScope™ Approach to Visualize Alternative Splice Variants in Tissue. In: Scheiffele, P., Mauger, O. (eds) Alternative Splicing. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2537. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2521-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2521-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2520-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2521-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols