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Current analytical trends of abuse of tramadol and its forensic significance

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Abstract

Introduction

The utilization and misuse of prescription and controlled medications are expanding globally. However, the kind of substance abused may contrast from one country to another, but few drugs expand their horizons due to misused capabilities, expansion of the darknet, and increase in the Internet Connecting World. One of them is tramadol, a widely misused drug worldwide, which enforcement agencies recently noticed. In treating moderate to severe pain, a racemic combination of tramadol is employed. The non-medical utilization of narcotic drugs, i.e., tramadol, is a quick arising general medical issue prompting expanding calls for planning alterations to existing policies, reconnaissance, research, and wellbeing advancement measures. Tramadol addicts typically have a history of substance usage, and studies show that the number of tramadol abusers is increasing, particularly in some Middle Eastern Nations.

Method

This review article finds the trends of analytical methods toward identification in pharmaceutical preparation and toxicological samples such as hair, urine, blood, and saliva. In the last 20 years, various analytical tools such as UV–visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC–MS, GC, GC–MS, NMR, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Capillary Electrophoresis, Electrochemical sensors have been used for the identification of drugs in pharmaceutical preparation and toxicological samples. Forensic Scientists can only rely on quick and easy methods to perform.

Result and discussion

This evaluation aims to give forensic scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and toxicologists the best solution for identifying tramadol acquired in the chemistry and toxicological divisions of various laboratories.

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Abbreviations

ODMT:

Ortho desmethyl tramadol

NDMT:

N-desmethyl tramadol

NODMT:

N-O-desmethyl tramadol

DDD:

Defined daily dosages

NDPS act:

Narcotic drugs, and psychotropic substances act

IS:

Internal standards

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Director, LNJN NICFS NFSU Delhi Campus, for providing the opportunity to research at the National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, New Delhi. This research received no external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry and Toxicology Division, LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, National Forensic Science University, Delhi Campus, Ministry of Home Affairs, Sec-3, Rohini, Delhi, 110085, India

    Varsha Chauhan,  Manisha, S. K. Shukla & Priyanka Munjal

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  1. Varsha Chauhan
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  2. Manisha
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  3. S. K. Shukla
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  4. Priyanka Munjal
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All authors contributed to this systematic review.

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Correspondence to Priyanka Munjal.

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The authors namely, Varsha Chauhan, Manisha, Priyanka Munjal, and Sudhir Kumar Shukla have declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Chauhan, V., Manisha, Shukla, S.K. et al. Current analytical trends of abuse of tramadol and its forensic significance. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 14, 111–129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-022-00131-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-022-00131-y

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