Abstract
Accurate breed identification in dairy cattle is essential for optimizing herd management and improving genetic standards. A smart method for correctly identifying phenotypically similar breeds can empower farmers to enhance herd productivity. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based model was developed for the identification of Sahiwal and Red Sindhi cows. To increase the classification accuracy, first, cows’s pixels were segmented from the background using CNN model. Using this segmented image, a masked image was produced by retaining cows' pixels from the original image while eliminating the background. To improve the classification accuracy, models were trained on four different images of each cow: front view, side view, grayscale front view, and grayscale side view. The masked images of these views were fed to the multi-input CNN model which predicts the class of input images. The segmentation model achieved intersection-over-union (IoU) and F1-score values of 81.75% and 85.26%, respectively with an inference time of 296 ms. For the classification task, multiple variants of MobileNet and EfficientNet models were used as the backbone along with pre-trained weights. The MobileNet model achieved 80.0% accuracy for both breeds, while MobileNetV2 and MobileNetV3 reached 82.0% accuracy. CNN models with EfficientNet as backbones outperformed MobileNet models, with accuracy ranging from 84.0% to 86.0%. The F1-scores for these models were found to be above 83.0%, indicating effective breed classification with fewer false positives and negatives. Thus, the present study demonstrates that deep learning models can be used effectively to identify phenotypically similar-looking cattle breeds. To accurately identify zebu breeds, this study will reduce the dependence of farmers on experts.
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The data that support this study will be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support and facilities provided by the Director, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, and the Director, Animal Breeding Farm, Kalsi, Dehradun, India to carry out this work successfully.
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This research was funded by ICAR-NePPA under ‘ICAR-Network Programme on Precision Agriculture’ project.
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R.W.: Image dataset preparation of Sahiwal cows. I.D.: Conceptualization, writing – original draft. N.S.: Conceptualization, image processing, CNN model development, manuscript drafting. S.A: Image dataset preparation of Red Sindhi cows. K.D.: Writing, review and editing of manuscript. S.S.L.: Finalization of manuscript, overall herd management and supervision. D.S.T: Manuscript writing, editing and visualization of data.
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Warhade, R., Devi, I., Singh, N. et al. Attention module incorporated transfer learning empowered deep learning-based models for classification of phenotypically similar tropical cattle breeds (Bos indicus). Trop Anim Health Prod 56, 192 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-04050-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-04050-7