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Self-rated Health and Objective Health Status Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China: A Healthy Housing Perspective

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Abstract

Social scientists have grown increasingly aware of the impact of housing on health. An investigation into the rapidly urbanizing Chinese society, especially its growing population of rural-to-urban migrants, helps reveal the complex nature of the housing-health link. Using the newly emerging national data collected in 2017, this study utilizes the framework of healthy housing to examine the empirical link between housing and health outcomes among rural-to-urban migrants in today’s China. The results confirm that various aspects of housing are related to migrants’ health but not all findings align with conventional wisdom. Moving frequently, poor neighborhood hygiene, and the distance of one’s residence to health services have negative health effects, whereas larger living space per capita shows a positive health effect. Contrary to some existing literature, migrants who own a home in the city actually show poorer health than those who rent, while housing cost in general shows no significant relationship with health outcomes. However, housing cost, especially housing stress measured as housing expenditures exceeding 30 percent of household income, significantly depresses health among low-income migrants. Taken together, policies aiming to improve the stability, size, and neighborhood environment of rural migrants’ housing will help promote Chinese rural migrants’ health. Stress stemming from housing cost does not have a uniform impact on migrants’ health, but it is especially detrimental to the health of low-income migrants.

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Notes

  1. In the original survey, the “unhealthy” category is further specified into two categories— “unhealthy but can take care of oneself” and “unhealthy and cannot take care of oneself”. The number of observations in the “unhealthy and cannot take care of oneself” category is too small so we combine the two categories into the “unhealthy” category.

  2. Alternatively, we can also view the data as being structured hierarchically, with 11,619 individuals at Level 1 nested within 8 cities at Level 2. To test the robustness of the results, we also tried the multilevel regression technique, applying the multilevel ordinal logistic and regular multilevel regression models to the two dependent variables, respectively. The multilevel model allows the intercept to vary across cities, thereby accounting for city-level heterogeneity. The results were substantively similar and did not change the findings reported in the text.

  3. In the data, 35% migrants’ neighborhood mostly has no cockroaches, flies, or rats, whereas 49% sometimes and 16% often have these pests around their neighborhood.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China under Grant No. 20BRK040. Wei Guo is also thankful to the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups “Environmental Risk Management (ERM)” granted by NSFC (71921003) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72293603). Direct all correspondence to Wei Guo, Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, 210023, P. R. China, email: weiguo@nju.edu.cn.

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  1. Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, the University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P5, Canada

    Min Zhou

  2. Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Guo

  3. The Centre for Asia-Pacific Development Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Guo

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Zhou, M., Guo, W. Self-rated Health and Objective Health Status Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China: A Healthy Housing Perspective. Popul Res Policy Rev 42, 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09752-8

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