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Timing and Frequency of Fathers’ Migration and Nutritional Status of Left-Behind Children in India: A Life Course Approach

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Abstract

This article adopts a life course perspective to examine the association between fathers’ migration and children's nutritional outcomes using the 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 waves of the national India Human Development Panel Survey (IHDS). It uses a sample of 8658 children aged six to eleven years and lagged dependent variable models to find that fathers’ migration in wave 2 is positively associated with height and weight (measured as height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores) for boys. Moreover, fathers’ migration in both waves is associated with higher height-for-age z-scores for boys. On the other hand, fathers' current migration and migration over the two waves is disadvantageous for girls. The results also show that remittances received by the household improve height-for-age z-scores, primarily for boys. Lastly, fathers' repeated migrations are associated with a higher standard of living and increased consumption per capita for left-behind households suggesting plausible pathways linking fathers’ migration with child well-being. These results underscore the significance of gender norms, migration timing, and frequency for children’s health.

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Data availability

The study uses public-use data from the India Human Development Survey, which are available to download for free from the following link: https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/DSDR/studies/37382

Notes

  1. In the Indian Constitution, Other Backward Classes (OBC) is a collective term to classify castes that are educationally, economically, or socially disadvantaged. The government provides affirmative action in education and employment to SC, STs, and OBCs.

  2. The inclusion of household members in the analyses did not alter the results observed for fathers' migration.

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Acknowledgements

Kriti Vikram received support from the faculty start-up grant at the National University of Singapore (R-111-000-152-133). She thanks Dr Reeve Vanneman for this help with IHDS data management and Amanda Yee Jia Wen for her assistance in collating literature on the topic.

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Vikram, K. Timing and Frequency of Fathers’ Migration and Nutritional Status of Left-Behind Children in India: A Life Course Approach. Popul Res Policy Rev 42, 7 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09746-6

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