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Natural hazards fatalities in Brazil, 1979–2019

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Abstract

The impact of natural hazards on nations and societies is a global challenge and concern. Worldwide, studies have been conducted within and between countries, to examine the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of fatalities and their impact on societies. In Brazil, no studies have comprehensively identified the fatalities associated with all natural hazards and their specificities by decade, region, sex, age, and other victim characteristics. This study carries out an in-depth analysis of the Brazilian Mortality Data of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, from 1979 to 2019, identifying the natural hazards that kill the most people in Brazil and their particularities. Lightning is the deadliest natural hazard in Brazil during this period, with a gradual decrease in the number of fatalities. The number of hydro-meteorological fatalities increases from 2000 onwards, with the highest number of fatalities occurring between 2010 and 2019. Although Brazil is a tropical country affected by severe droughts, extreme heat has the lowest number of fatalities compared to other natural hazards. The period from December to March has a higher number of fatalities, and the southeast is the most populous region where most people die. The number of male victims is twice as high as the number of female victims, across all ages groups, and unmarried victims are the most likely to die. It is therefore essential to recognize and disseminate the knowledge about the impact of different natural hazards on communities and societies, namely on people and their livelihoods, in order to assess the challenges and identify opportunities for reducing the effects of natural hazards in Brazil.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Jocilene Dantas Barros (jocilene.barros@inpe.br) of the Analysis and Development of Sustainability Indicators Lab (LADIS), at the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) who produced the map of Brazilian territorial distribution of all categories of natural hazards fatalities from 1979 to 2019. We thank CNPq (Grant 350820/2022-8) for financial support. We also thank to Pedro Ivo Camarinha and Frederico Ávila, both from the Brazilian National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN) for all the support.

Funding

This study was partially supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil

    Gabriela de Azevedo Couto, Alber Sanchez & Carlos Afonso Nobre

  2. National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil

    Regina Célia dos Santos Alvalá

  3. Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Carlos Afonso Nobre

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  1. Gabriela de Azevedo Couto
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de Azevedo Couto, G., Sanchez, A., dos Santos Alvalá, R.C. et al. Natural hazards fatalities in Brazil, 1979–2019. Nat Hazards 118, 1487–1514 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06059-x

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